Fig. 1: Two-photon calcium imaging of visual association cortex during and following task engagement.

a-b. We used two-photon calcium imaging to record activity of hundreds of cells in retinotopically identified lateral visual association cortex (a) in hungry mice during and following engagement in a task (b). c. Mice gradually learned across sessions that licking in the 2-s period following presentation of one of three visual drifting gratings resulted in delivery of milkshake, quinine, or no outcome (see also Extended Data Fig. 1a). Upon task performance at greater than 90% accuracy for three days, the cue-outcome associations were changed. We recorded visual responses during the two-hour training period, and subsequently assessed the presence of reactivations of cue representations in darkness, before and after satiation. d. Example field of view (depth: 190 μm, from one of 109 imaging sessions). e. Top: example activity pattern during a single trial (from among the 180 trials during the session) in response to presentation of an aversive cue (peak activity during 2-s stimulus presentation). Bottom: example activity pattern observed two hours later in darkness during a single aversive-cue reactivation event (peak activity during 260 ms surrounding reactivation, selected from 30 reactivation events identified during this recording session; see also Fig. 2). Activity is represented on a scale from no activity (white) to high activity (red).