Table 3.
Contamination of vegetables and fruits with Cyclospora cayetanensis
| Location | Detection method | Vegetable or fruit item | No. of samples tested | No. of positive samples (%) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cameroon | Sediment smear, followed by light microscopy | Green cabbage | 30 | 0 | [66] |
| Red cabbage | 30 | 0 | |||
| Lettuce | 30 | 10 (33.3) | |||
| Cucumber | 30 | 0 | |||
| Carrots | 30 | 0 | |||
| Green pepper | 30 | 20 (66.7) | |||
| China | PCR | Lettuce | 200 | 1 | [36] |
| Coriander | 152 | 0 | |||
| Celery | 70 | 0 | |||
| Baby bok choy | 59 | 0 | |||
| Chinese cabbage | 47 | 0 | |||
| Leaf lettuce | 44 | 1 (2.3) | |||
| Water spinach | 28 | 0 | |||
| Crown daisy | 27 | 0 | |||
| Fennel plant | 26 | 0 | |||
| Endive | 25 | 0 | |||
| Spinach | 20 | 0 | |||
| Schizonepeta | 20 | 0 | |||
| Cabbage | 18 | 0 | |||
| Leaf mustard | 11 | 0 | |||
| Chinese chive | 132 | 0 | |||
| Chive | 128 | 0 | |||
| Cucumber | 41 | 0 | |||
| Watermelon | 15 | 0 | |||
| Potato | 3 | 0 | |||
| Bean (kidney/French bean) | 28 | 0 | |||
| Green chili | 5 | 0 | |||
| Costa Rica | Zielh-Nielsen and Weber stain | Lettuce | 50 | 2 (4.0) | [71] |
| Parsley | 50 | 0 | |||
| Cilantro | 50 | 0 | |||
| Strawberries | 50 | 0 | |||
| Blackberries | 50 | 0 | |||
| Egypt | Weber modified trichrome and modified Ziehl-Neelsen stains | Fresh fruit juices | 14.5 | [80] | |
| Ethiopia | Modifed Zeihl-Neelsen stain | Fruits and vegetables | 360 | 18 (5.0) | [19] |
| Ethiopia | Modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain | Fruits and vegetables | 360 | 25 (6.9) | [32] |
| Ethiopia | Modified Zeihl-Neelsen stain | Tomato | 100 | 4 (4.0) | [14] |
| Cabbage | 96 | 0 | |||
| Green pepper | 66 | 2 (3.0) | |||
| Carrot | 62 | 0 | |||
| Salad | 23 | 1 (4.5) | |||
| Ghana | Direct wet mount, trichrome modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain | Tiger nuts | 40 | 9 (22.5) | [81] |
| Ghana | Ziehl-Neelsen stain | Cabbage | 90 | 5 (5.6) | [12] |
| Green pepper | 55 | 3 (5.5) | |||
| Carro | 47 | 3 (6.4) | |||
| Onion | 70 | 3 (4.3) | |||
| Tomato | 31 | 3 (9.7) | |||
| Lettuce | 102 | 3 (2.9) | |||
| Italy | qPCR | Vegetables | 49 | 6 (12.2) | [48] |
| Italy | modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain and PCR | Ready-to-eat packaged salad | 648 | 8 (1.2) | [23] |
| Korea | Multiplex qPCR | Perilla leaves | 72 | 0 | [48] |
| Winter-grown cabbage | 70 | 4 (5.7) | |||
| Chives | 73 | 0 | |||
| Sprouts | 72 | 1 (1.4) | |||
| Blueberries | 44 | 1 (2.3) | |||
| Cherry tomatoes | 73 | 1 (1.4) | |||
| Peru | Direct microscopic observation, acid-fast staining, and immunofluorescent assay | Vegetables | 1.8 | [83] | |
| Vietnam | Modified acid-fast smear by light and UV epifluorescence microscopy | Basil | 96 | 10 (10.4) | [47] |
| Coriander sativum | 80 | 3 (3.8) | |||
| Coriander | 86 | 10 (11.6) | |||
| Lettuce | 79 | 8 (10.1) | |||
| Vietnamese mint | 61 | 6 (9.8) | |||
| Marjoram | 26 | 2 (7.7) | |||
| Persicaria | 68 | 7 (10.3) | |||
| Total | 4628 | 180 (3.9) |