Table 1.
Case reports
| Author (country) | Number of women | Number of eligible neonates | GA at onset of Sx or diagnosis (range) | Mode of delivery | RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 |
Neonatal serology | Placental histology or EM | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neonatal NP swab | Placenta | Cord blood | Amniotic fluid | Other fetal sites or tests | |||||||
| Alzamora et al (Peru)35 | 1 | 1 | 33 wk | CD | 1/1 | None | None | None | None | IgG (0/1), IgM (0/1) | None |
| Chen et al (China)36 | 3 | 3 | 35 wk–38 wk 6 d | CD 3/3 | 0/3 | 0/3 | None | None | None | None | Chorionic hemangioma (1/3), fibrin deposits in villi interstitium and around the villi (3/3), multifocal infarction (1/3) |
| Dong et al (China)25 | 1 | 1 | 34 wk 2 d | CD | 0/1 | None | None | None | None | IgG and IgM elevated on delivery day and 13 d later (1/1) | None |
| Fan et al (China)13 | 2 | 2 | 36–37 wk | CD 2/2 | 0/2 | 0/2 | 0/2 | 0/2 | None | None | None |
| Kalafat et al (Turkey)37 | 1 | 1 | 35 wk 3 d | CD | 0/1 | 0/1 | 0/1 | None | None | None | None |
| Khan et al (China)38 | 3 | 3 | 34 wk 6 d–39 wk 1 d | VD 3/3 | 0/3 | None | None | None | None | None | None |
| Li et al (China)39 | 1 | 1 | 35 wk | CD | 0/1 | 0/1 | 0/1 | 0/1 | None | None | None |
| Liu et al (China)40 | 3 | 3 | 37–40 wk | VD 1/3; CD 2/3 | 0/3 | None | 0/3 | None | 0/3 | None | None |
| Lowe and Bopp (Australia)41 | 1 | 1 | 40 wk 3 d | VD | 0/1 | None | None | None | None | None | None |
| Lu et al (China)42 | 1 | 1 | 38 wk | CD | 0/1 | None | 0/1 | None | None | None | None |
| Peng et al (China)43 | 1 | 1 | 34 wk 3 d | CD | 0/1 | 0/1 | 0/1 | 0/1 | Anal (0/1), serum (0/1), sputum (0/1), urine (0/1), BAL fluid (0/1) | None | None |
| Schnettler et al (United States)44 | 1 | 1 | 30 wk 3 d | CD | 0/1 | None | None | 0/1 | None | None | None |
| Wang et al (China)45 | 1 | 1 | 40 wk | CD | 1/1 | 0/1 | 0/1 | None | None | None | None |
| Xiong et al (China)46 | 1 | 1 | 33 wk | VD | 0/1 | None | None | 0/1 | Rectal swab (0/1) | IgG (0/1), IgM (0/1) | No inflammation |
| Zamaniyan et al (Iran)47 | 1 | 1 | 32 wk | CD | 0/1 | 0/1 | 0/1 | 1/1 | None | None | None |
| Baud et al (Switzerland)28 | 1 | 1 | 19 wk | VD | 0/1 | 1/1 | None | 0/1 | Fetal blood, lung, liver, thymus biopsies (all 0/1) | None | Mixed inflammatory infiltrates composed of neutrophils and monocytes in the subchorial space and increased intervillous fibrin deposition (1/1), funisitis (1/1) |
| Blauvelt et al (United States)48 | 1 | 1 | 28 wk | CD | 0/1 | None | None | None | Rectal swab (0/1) | IgG and IgM drawn on day 5 were negative | Acute chorioamnionitis (1/1), no funisitis or histologic evidence of other placental infections |
| Buonsenso et al (Italy)49 | 4 | 2 | 17–38 wk | CD 2/2 | 0/2 | None | 0/2 | None | None | None | None |
| Gidlöf et al (Sweden)50 | 1 | 2 | 36 wk | CD | 0/2 | None | None | None | None | None | None |
| Hosier et al (United States)27 | 1 | 1 | 22 wk | D&E | N/A | 1/1 | 1/1 | None | Fetal heart, lung, kidney (0/1) | None | Diffuse perivillous fibrin and inflammatory infiltrate in intervillous space showing histiocytic intervillositis, EM showing virions noted inside syncytiotrophoblast |
| Huang et al (China)51 | 1 | 1 | 35 wk | CD | 0/1 | 0/1 | 0/1 | 0/1 | None | None | None |
| Kirtsman et al (Canada)29 | 1 | 1 | 35 wk | CD | 1/1 | 1/1 | 0/1 | None | Plasma (1/1), stool (1/1) | None | Multiple areas of infiltration, extensive early infarction, consistent with chronic histiocytic intervillositis |
| Lang and Zhao (China)52 | 1 | 1 | 35 wk 2 d | CD | 0/1 | 0/1 | 0/1 | 0/1 | None | None | None |
| Lee et al (Republic of Korea)53 | 1 | 1 | 36 wk 2 d | CD | 0/1 | 0/1 | 0/1 | 0/1 | None | None | None |
| Lyra et al (Portugal)54 | 1 | 1 | 39 wk 4 d | CD | 0/1 | Collected for future analysis | None | Collected for future analysis | None | None | None |
| Vallejo and Illagan (United States)55 | 1 | 1 | 36 wk | CD | 0/1 | None | None | None | None | None | Negative histopathologic findings |
| Yu et al (China)56 | 1 | 1 | 34 wk | VD | 0/1 | None | None | None | None | None | None |
| Algarroba et al (United States)57 | 1 | 1 | 28 wk | CD | 0/1 | None | None | None | None | None | Mature chorionic villi with focal villous edema, area of decidual vasculopathy, EM showing single virions invading a syncytiotrophoblast and also visualized in a microvillus and fibroblast processes |
| Vivanti et al (France)58 | 1 | 1 | 35 wk 2 d | CD | 1/1 | 1/1 | None | 1/1 | Rectal swab 1/1, neonatal blood 1/1 | None | Diffuse perivillous fibrin deposition, infarction and acute and chronic intervillositis. SARS-CoV-2 N-protein seen within cytoplasm of perivillous trophoblastic cells |
All papers are identified by author, country (unless otherwise specified), and citation number within the main text.
BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; CD, cesarean delivery; D&E, dilation and evacuation; EM, electron microscopy; GA, gestational age; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IgM, immunoglobulin G; N/A, not available; NP, nasopharyngeal; RT-PCR, reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; Sx, symptoms; VD, vaginal delivery.
Kotlyar. Vertical transmission of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2021.