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. 2020 Jul 31;224(1):35–53.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.07.049

Table 3.

Cohort or case series studies from outside of China

Author (country) Number of women Number of eligible neonates GA at onset of Sx or diagnosis (range) Mode of delivery RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2
Neonatal serology Placental histology
Neonatal NP swab results Placenta Cord blood Amniotic fluid Other fetal sites or tests
Breslin et al (United States)76 43 18 Median GA 37 wk (IQR, 32 wk 4 d–38 wk 6 d) VD 10, CD 8 0/18 positive None None None None None None
Breslin et al (United States)77 7 2 26 wk 3 d–37 wk 5 d CD 2 0/2 positive None None None None None None
Ferrazzi et al (Italy)78 42 42 Third trimester, 30 women >37 wk, 12 women <37 wk VD 24, CD 18 3/42 None None None None None None
Penfield et al (United States)79 32 10 26 wk 4 d–41 wk 2 d VD 7, CD 4 0/10 1/1 None None Fetal membranes (2/10) None None
Pierce-Williams et al (United States)80 64 33 (1 set of twins) 16 wk 1 d–39 wk 1 d VD 8/32, CD 24/32 1/33 None None None None None None
Lokken et al (United States)81 46 8 33 wk 0 d–38 wk 6 d VD 3, CD 5, 0/8 0/1 (stillbirth) None None Fetal autopsy sites (0/1) None Severe chronic villitis but no viral inclusions (1/1)
London et al (United States)82 68 48 3 in the second trimester (17 wk, 25 wk, 26 wk), the rest in the third trimester VD 33, CD 22 0/48 None None None None None None
Mulvey et al (United States)83 5 5 38–40 wk VD 4/5, CD 1/5 N/A 0/5 None None None None Fetal vascular malperfusion (5/5), thrombosis (5/5), intramural fibrin deposition (4/5), meconium (3/5), avascular villi (1/5), villous stromal-vascular karyorrhexis (1/5)
Baergen and Heller (United States)84 20 21 (1 pair of twins) 32–40 wk VD 15/20, CD 5/20 0/21 None None None None None Fetal vascular malperfusion (9/20), intramural fibrin deposition (3/20), meconium macrophages (6/20), lesions of maternal vascular malperfusion (5/20), ascending infection with acute chorioamnionitis and acute funisitis (1/20), chronic villitis (4/20)
Buonseno et al (Italy)85 7 2 8 wk–37 wk 3 d CD 2/2 0/2, on d 15 positive (1/2) 1/2 1/2 0/2 Rectal swab (0/2) IgM negative (0/1), IgG slightly positive (1/1) None
Govind et al (United Kingdom)86 9 9 27–39 wk VD 1/9, CD 8/9 1/9 0/9 None 0/9 None None None
Knight et al (United Kingdom)12 427 244 Median, 34 wk (IQR, 29–38), <22 wk (n=22), 22–27 wk (n=60), 28–31 wk (n=64), 32–36 wk (n=106), 37+ wk (n=142), peripartum (n=30), missing (n=3) VD 101, CD 144 12/244 (6/244 tested positive <12 h, 6/244 tested positive >12 h) None None None None None None
Patanè et al (Italy)30 22 22 35–37 wk VD 1/2, CD 1/2 2/22 (1 was negative at birth but turned positive at day 7 without contact with mother) None None None None None Chronic intervillositis in intervillous and the villous space (2/22)
Pereira et al (Spain)87 60 23 Median GA, 32 wk (range, 5–41 wk) VD 18/23, CD 5/23 0/23 0/6 None None None None None
Shanes et al (United States)88 16 16 Second trimester (16 wk), third trimester (34–40 wk) N/A 0/16 None None None None None IUFD case pathology showed retroplacental hematoma and villous edema, maternal vascular malperfusion (12/15), central and peripheral villous infarctions (4/15), mural hypertrophy of membrane arterioles (5/15), accelerated villous maturation (2/15)
Qadri and Mariona (United States)89 16 12 22–40 wk VD 8/12, CD 4/12 0/12 None None None None None None
Vintzileos et al (United States)90 32 29 N/A N/A 0/29 None None None None None None

All papers are identified by author, country (unless otherwise specified), and citation number within the main text.

BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; CD, cesarean delivery; EM, electron microscopy; GA, gestational age; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IgM, immunoglobulin G; IQR, interquartile range; IUFD, intrauterine fetal demise; N/A, not available; NP, nasopharyngeal; RT-PCR, reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; Sx, symptoms; VD, vaginal delivery.

Kotlyar. Vertical transmission of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2021.