Table 1.
Demographic, clinical and structural characteristics.
| CON (N = 47) | MDD (N = 78) | Statistics | p | Effect size | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female, N (%) | 26 (55.3%) | 56 (71.8%) | x2 = 3.53 | 0.06 | |
| Age, M (SD) | 14.3 (1.4) | 14.9 (1.5) | t = 2.23 | < .05 | Cohen’s d = 0.41 |
| Intelligence quotient (IQ), M (SD) | 109.6 (10.7) | 105.3 (13.9) | t = 1.95 | 0.07 | |
| Depressive symptoms (CDRS-R), M (SD) | 22.7 (4.4) | 58.8 (11.7) | F = 367.8a | < .001 | Partial η2= 0.75 |
| Anxiety symptoms (SCARED), M (SD)c | 10.7 (10.1) | 36.7 (16.2) | F = 98.60a | < .001 | Partial η2= 0.45 |
| Peer problems (PVS/BBS), M (SD) | 3.2 (0.7) | 4.1 (1.1) | F = 24.53a | < .001 | Partial η2= 0.17 |
| Subcortical volumes (mm3) | |||||
| Amygdala, M (SD) | 3,298.3 (345.5) | 3,270.0 (369.1) | F = 0.22b | 0.64 | |
| Hippocampus, M (SD) | 8,167.0 (627.1) | 8,266.2 (741.2) | F = 1.28b | 0.26 | |
| NAcc, M (SD) | 878.3 (110.2) | 945.0 (134.3) | F = 10.81b | < .005 | Partial η2= 0.08 |
| Intracranial volume, M (SD) | 1,519,375.6 (128,157.7) | 1,532,970.3 (140,467.0) | t = 0.54 | 0.59 | |
CON healthy controls, MDD major depressive disorder, CDRS-R children’s depression rating scale-revised, SCARED the screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders, PVS/BBS peer-vicitmization scale/bullying-behavior scale, NAcc nucleus accumbens, M mean, SD standardized deviation.
aAdjusted for gender, age, and IQ.
bAdjsuted for gender, age, IQ, and intracranial volume (ICV).
cOne outlier in the CON group was identified and removed.