Table 2.
Characteristics of the study sample for myocardial infarction at 12 months follow-up
| Characteristic | Cases (N = 2890) | Controls (N = 13,933) | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years)a | 70.2 ± 12.1 | 70.4 ± 11.7 | 0.4 | ||
| LOS at cohort entry (days)b | 8.3 ± 7.3 | 8.0 ± 7.7 | 0.1 | ||
| Comorbidity score | 5.9 ± 3.0 | 4.0 ± 2.8 | < 0.0001 | ||
| Sex | |||||
| Females | 1262 | 43.6 | 6029 | 43.3 | 0.7 |
| Ethnicity | |||||
| African American | 418 | 14.5 | 1855 | 13.3 | < 0.0001 |
| Caucasian | 2348 | 81.2 | 11,690 | 83.9 | |
| Other | 126 | 4.4 | 394 | 2.8 | |
| Health insurance statusb | |||||
| Medicare | 1422 | 49.2 | 6799 | 48.8 | < 0.0001 |
| Medicaid | 200 | 7.0 | 853 | 6.1 | |
| Private | 412 | 14.3 | 1560 | 11.2 | |
| Uninsured | 119 | 4.1 | 492 | 3.5 | |
| Missing/unknown | 737 | 25.5 | 4229 | 30.4 | |
| Census region | |||||
| Midwest | 320 | 11.1 | 2086 | 15.0 | < 0.0001 |
| Northeast | 1563 | 54.1 | 7314 | 52.5 | |
| South | 789 | 27.3 | 3347 | 24.0 | |
| West | 218 | 7.5 | 1186 | 8.5 | |
| Obesityb | 611 | 21.1 | 2066 | 14.8 | < 0.0001 |
| Smoking | 686 | 23.7 | 2480 | 17.8 | < 0.0001 |
| MI type | |||||
| NSTEMI | 2047 | 70.8 | 8306 | 59.6 | < 0.0001 |
| STEMI | 396 | 13.7 | 2969 | 21.3 | |
| Unspecified | 447 | 15.5 | 2658 | 19.1 | |
| CV procedures | |||||
| PCI stent | 1394 | 48.2 | 7171 | 51.5 | < 0.01 |
| CABG | 170 | 5.9 | 982 | 7.1 | 0.02 |
| Carotid revascularization | 49 | 1.7 | 234 | 1.7 | 1.0 |
| Comedications | |||||
| Aspirin | 1465 | 50.7 | 5501 | 39.5 | < 0.0001 |
| ACE inhibitors | 1673 | 57.9 | 8217 | 59.0 | 0.3 |
| β-Blockers | 2669 | 92.4 | 12,469 | 89.5 | < 0.0001 |
| CCBs | 1023 | 35.4 | 4422 | 31.7 | < 0.0001 |
| Direct vasodilators | 751 | 26.0 | 3330 | 23.9 | 0.02 |
| Loop diuretics | 1784 | 61.7 | 7591 | 54.5 | < 0.0001 |
| Potassium diuretics | 257 | 8.9 | 1068 | 7.7 | 0.03 |
| Thiazide diuretics | 285 | 9.9 | 1324 | 9.5 | 0.6 |
| Fibrates | 103 | 3. 6 | 455 | 3.3 | 0.4 |
| Statins | 2590 | 89.6 | 12,453 | 89.4 | 0.7 |
| GPR antagonists | 537 | 18.6 | 3421 | 24.6 | < 0.0001 |
| Warfarin | 377 | 13.0 | 2147 | 15.4 | < 0.01 |
| Antihyperglycemics | 508 | 17.6 | 2099 | 15.1 | < 0.001 |
| Lytics | 81 | 2.8 | 368 | 2.6 | 0.6 |
| PPIs | 1700 | 58.8 | 7601 | 54.6 | < 0.0001 |
| H2RAs | 714 | 24.7 | 3850 | 27.6 | < 0.01 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Congestive heart failure | 1820 | 63.1 | 5682 | 41.0 | < 0.0001 |
| Cardiac arrhythmia | 1398 | 48.5 | 5648 | 40.7 | < 0.0001 |
| Valvular disease | 871 | 30.2 | 2674 | 19.3 | < 0.0001 |
| Pulmonary circulation disorders | 359 | 12.5 | 986 | 7.1 | < 0.0001 |
| Peripheral vascular disorders | 793 | 27.5 | 2037 | 14.7 | < 0.0001 |
| Hypertension | 659 | 22.9 | 1452 | 10.5 | < 0.0001 |
| Diabetes complicated | 620 | 21.5 | 1493 | 10.8 | < 0.0001 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 67 | 2.3 | 156 | 1.1 | < 0.0001 |
| Coagulopathy | 243 | 8.4 | 815 | 5.9 | < 0.0001 |
| Blood loss anemia | 77 | 2.7 | 181 | 1.3 | < 0.0001 |
| Hospital characteristics | |||||
| Hospital with full catheterization lab | 2178 | 75.4 | 11,221 | 80.6 | < 0.0001 |
| Acute care hospitalb | 2883 | 99.8 | 13,930 | 100.0 | < 0.0001 |
| Hospital in urban location | 2178 | 75.4 | 11,940 | 85.7 | < 0.0001 |
| Bed size 200–500b | 1142 | 39.5 | 7497 | 53.8 | < 0.0001 |
| Bed size < 200b | 456 | 15.8 | 1460 | 10.5 | |
| Bed size > 500b | 1290 | 44.7 | 4973 | 35.7 | |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (comparison made using Mann–Whitney U test) or n (%) unless otherwise indicated
ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, CABG coronary artery bypass grafting, CCBs calcium channel blockers, CV cardiovascular, GPR glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor, H2RA H2 receptor antagonist, LOS length of stay, MI myocardial infarction, NSTEMI non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction, PCI percutaneous coronary intervention, PPI proton pump inhibitor, STEMI ST-elevation myocardial infarction
aMatching variable
bVariable not included in regression models; obesity was included in the comorbidity score and not as an individual covariate