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The effect of curcumin on withdrawal syndrome in morphine-dependent rats. (A) Jumping, (B) leaning, and (C) diarrhea were evaluated as behavioral symptoms of withdrawal syndrome over 30 min. Naloxone (3 mg/kg, i.p.) was used to precipitate withdrawal syndrome in rats at the end of the trial (19th day). Data are expressed as mean ± S.E.M for six rats. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001 (compared to control). Control: normal saline + DMSO
