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. 2020 Jul 30;10:12796. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-68753-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of a combination of CSE and LPS on M1 cytokine production and expression by MDMs. The MDMs were incubated with medium alone (control), 4% CSE, 0.1 µg/mL LPS or 4% CSE + 0.1 µg/mL LPS for 2 h or 24 h. The culture supernatants were collected, and the concentrations of TNF-α, IL6, IL-8/CXCL8, Gro-α/CXCL1 and MCP-1/CCL-2 were measured using an ELISA (a–e). MDMs were stimulated for 2 h, and mRNA expression was determined using RT-PCR (f–j). The results were normalized against expression of the GAPDH gene. The data were assessed in an ANOVA, followed by a Bonferroni post-test. The data correspond to the mean ± SEM of 4–9 donors. *p < 0.05 compared with the control; ^αp < 0.05 compared with 4% CSE; ^#p < 0.05, compared with 0.1 µg/mL LPS.