Table 2.
Treatment and clinical outcome of patients with COVID-19 in the meta-analysis.
| Study | AKI (n, %) | CSR (n, %) | CFR (n, %) | Treatment (n, %) |
Laboratory findings |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antiviral | Glucocorticoids | Oxygen inhalation | NIV | IMV | ECMO | CRRT | BUN, mmol/L | Scr, μmol/L | Proteinuria (n, %) | Hematuria (n, %) | UA, μmol/L | ||||
| Wang L et al. [24] | 27 (8.1) | 239 (70.5) | 65 (19.2) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 5.5 (4.0,8.0) | 61.0 (50.0, 76.0) | NA | NA | NA |
| Yang X et al. [25] | 15 (28.8) | 52 (100) | 32 (61.5) | 23 (44) | 30 (58) | 33 (63.5) | 29 (56) | 22 (42) | 6 (11.5) | 9 (17) | NA | 76.3 ± 27.4 | NA | NA | NA |
| Zhou F et al. [26] | 28 (14.7) | 66 (35) | 54 (28) | 41 (21) | 57 (30) | 41 (21) | 26 (14) | 32 (17) | 3 (2) | 10 (5) | NA | >133 μmol/L (4%) | NA | NA | NA |
| Chen T et al. [27] | 29 (11.7) | NA | 113 (41.2) | 236 (86) | 217 (79) | 251 (92) | 102 (37) | 17 (6) | 1 (0.4) | 3 (1) | 4.9 (3.5, 7.9) | 76.0 (58.0,94.0) | 100 of 166 (60) | 84 of 166 (51) | NA |
| Luo X et al. [28] | 57 (14. 1) | 205 (50.9) | 100 (24.8) | 394 (97.8) | 166 (41.2) | 106 (26.3) | 56 (13.9) | 23 (5.7) | NA | 39 (9.7) | NA | 69.0 (60.0, 86.0) | NA | NA | NA |
| Xiao G et al. [29] | 55 (19.2) | 124 (43) | 19 (6.6) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Deng Y et al. [30] | 20 (8.9) | 104 (46.2) | 109 (48.4) | 185 (82.2) | 88 (39.1) | 115 (51.1) | 68 (30.2) | 21 (9.3) | 2 (0.9) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Safiya R et al. [31] | 523 (22.2) | 373 (14.2) | 553 (21) | NA | NA | NA | 320 (12.2) | NA | NA | 81 (3.2) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Peng Z et al. [32] | 14 (13.1) | 11 (10.3) | 19 (17.8) | 105 (98.1) | 62 (57.9) | 80 (74.8) | 7 (6.5) | 17 (15.9) | 3 (2.8) | NA | 4.2 (3.2, 5.6) | 71 (60,86) | NA | NA | NA |
| Alberto M et al. [33] | 173 (7.8) | 237 (7.6) | 460 (14.7) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.89 (0.8, 1) mg/dL | NA | NA | NA |
| Wang Y et al. [34] | 86 (25.0) | 133 (38.7) | 344 (100) | 283 (82.3) | 225 (65.4) | 35 (10.2) | 34 (9.9) | 100 (29.1) | 2 (0.6) | 9 (2.6) | 5.3 (3.8,8.3) | 74 (58,93) | NA | NA | NA |
| Cao J et al. [35] | 20 (19.6) | 18 (17.6) | 17(16.7) | 100 (98.0) | 51 (50.0) | 76 (74.5) | 5 (4.9) | 14 (13.7) | 3 (2.9) | 6 (5.9) | 4.33 (3.45,5.46) | NA | NA | NA | 269 (228,347) |
| Zhang J et al. [36] | 37 (9.5) | NA | 22 (5.6) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 4.35 (3.45,5.68) | 69.0 (55.6,83.0) | NA | NA | NA |
| Chen F et al. [37] | 36 (5.5) | 151/643 (23.5) | 82 (12.4) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 4.2 (3.3,5.6) | 65.1 (52.0,79.5) | NA | NA | NA |
| Jerald P et al. [38] | 110 (49.3) | NA | 44 (19.7) | NA | 49 (22.0) | NA | NA | 48 (21.5) | NA | 18 (8) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Jeong Hoon et al. [61] | 30 (18.8) | 20/30 (66.7) | 44 (27.5) | 29/30 (96.7) | 18/30 (60.0) | 29/30 (96.7) | NA | 16/30 (53.3) | 1/30 (3.3) | 5/30 (16.7) | 23.7 (15.7,32.0)/30 mg/dL | 1.1 (0.8,1.6) /30 mg/dL | NA | NA | NA |
| Pei G et al. [40] | 35 (10.5) | 56 (16.8) | 29 (8.7) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 4.7 (3.5, 5.9) | 74.0 (61.0, 89.0) | 177 (89.4) | 109 (55.0) | NA |
| Xu S et al. [41] | 56 (15.8) | 32 (9.0) | 32 (9.0) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 4.9 (1.1, 37.5) | 72.4 (32.0, 355.0) | NA | NA | 259.7 (29.07, 677.07) |
| Jamie S et al. [42] | 1993 (36.6) | 1395 (25.6) | 888 (16.3) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 10 (0.2) | NA | NA | 1.01 (0.8,1.3) mg/dL | NA | NA | NA |
| Abdullah A et al. [43] | 41 (9.8) | 82 (19.7) | 60 (14.6) | 100 (24.0) | 6 (1.4) | NA | NA | NA | 3 (0.7) | NA | 3.33 (2.83–4.03) | 61.46 (51.5–75.86) | NA | NA | NA |
| Sinan T et al. [44] | 61 (18.2) | 59 (17.6) | 43 (12.8) | NA | 21 (6.3) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 37.6 ± 31.0 mg/dL | 1.2 ± 1.2 mg/dL | NA | NA | 5.1 ± 2.0 mg/dL |
| Li X et al. [45] | 95 (17.3) | 269 (49.1) | 90 (16.5) | NA | 341 (62.2) | 355 (64.8) | 78 (14.2) | 25 (4.6) | NA | 2 (0.4) | >7.5 mmol/L 85 of 539 (15.8%) | >85 μmol/L 146 of 539 (27.1%) | 200/300 (60.6) | NA | NA |
| Cheng Y et al. [13] | 101 (14.4) | 297 (42.4) | 113 (16.1) | 658 (93.9) | 387 (55.2) | NA | NA | 97 (13.4) | NA | NA | 5.7 ± 3.9 | 77 ± 31 | 194 of 442(43.9 %) | 118 of 442 (26.7 %) | NA |
| Wan S et al. [46] | 10 (7.4) | 40 (29.6) | 1 (0.7) | 135 (100) | 36 (26.7) | 90 (66.7) | 34 (25.2) | 1 (0.7) | 0 | 5 (3.7) | NA | 66(57.8,74.5) | NA | NA | NA |
| Huang C et al. [5] | 3 (7.3) | 13 (31.7) | 6 (15) | 38 (93) | 9 (22) | 27 (66) | 10 (24) | 2 (5) | 2 (5) | 3 (7) | NA | 74.2 (57.5,85.7) | NA | NA | NA |
| Guan W et al. [47] | 6 (0.5) | 173 (15.7) | 55 (5.0) | 393 (35.8) | 204 (18.6) | 454 (41.3) | 56 (5.1) | 25 (2.3) | 5 (0.5) | 9 (0.8) | NA | >133 μmol/L 12 of 752(1.6 %) | NA | NA | NA |
| Yan S et al. [48] | 6 (3.6) | 36 (21.4) | 6 (3.6) | 155 (92.3) | 27 (16.1) | 97 (57.7) | 13 (7.7) | 10 (6) | NA | NA | 3.7 (2.9,4.5) | 62 (49,75.1) | NA | NA | NA |
| Zhao W et al. [49] | 2 (2.6) | 20 (26) | 16 (20.8) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 64 (54,78) | NA | NA | NA |
| Wang D et al. [50] | 5 (3.6) | 36 (26.1) | 6 (4.3) | 124 (89.9) | 62 (44.9) | 106 (76.81) | 15 (10.9) | 17 (12.3) | 4 (2.9) | 2 (1.45) | 4.4 (3.4,5.8) | 72 (60,87) | NA | NA | NA |
| Zhang G et al. [51] | 10 (4.5) | 55 (24.9) | 12 (5.4) | 196 (88.7) | 115 (52.0) | NA | 27 (12.2) | 16 (7.2) | 10 (4.5) | 5 (2.3) | 4.3 (3.4,5.6) | 69 (56,84) | NA | NA | NA |
| Hu L et al. [52] | 17 (5.3) | 172 (53.3) | NA | NA | 196 (60.7) | NA | 105 (32.5) | 34 (10.5) | NA | 72 (22.3) | >8 mmol/L 72 (22.3) | >144 μmol/L 7 (2.2) | NA | NA | NA |
| Shi P et al. [53] | 3 (2.2) | 46 (34.2) | 1 (0.7) | 129 (96.3) | 41 (30.6) | 91 (67.9) | 2 (1.5) | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.7) | 3.6 (3.0, 4.5) | 60.0 (50.4, 73.0) | NA | NA | NA |
| Li Z et al. [54] | 55 (28.5) | 65 (33.7) | 32 (17) | 187 (98) | 119 (62) | 182 (94) | 50 (26) | 33 (17) | 3 (2) | 7 (4) | 4.4 (3.22,6.44) | 66 (54,82) | 76 (59) | 57 (44) | 237 (185,302) |
| Li Q et al. [55] | 19 (5.8) | 3 (0.9) | 26 (8) | 296 (91.1) | 69 (21.2) | NA | 11 (3.4) | 15 (4.6) | 7 (2.2) | 3 (0.9) | 4.41 (3.55,5.45) | 63 (51,75) | NA | NA | NA |
| Zhao XY et al. [56] | 5 (5.5) | 30 (33) | 2 (2.2) | 81 (89) | 79 (86.8) | 29 (31.9) | NA | NA | NA | 3 (3.3) | NA | >97 μmol/L 5 (5.5) | NA | NA | >417 μmol/L 5 (5.5) |
| Yang L et al. [57] | 24 (12) | 29 (14.5) | 15 (7.5) | 199 (99.5) | 112 (56) | 158 (79) | 35 (17.5) | 16 (8) | NA | 2 (1) | NA | 64 (52.5,83.1) | NA | NA | NA |
| Yang Q et al. [58] | 4 (2.9) | 33 (24.3) | 23 (16.9) | NA | NA | 66 (48.5) | NA | 25 (18.4) | NA | NA | 4 (3.2,5.4) | 67.9 (54.8,81.2) | NA | NA | NA |
| Michael G et al. [59] | 288/850 (33.9) | 236 (23.6) | 211 (21.1) | NA | 178/850 (20.9) | NA | NA | NA | 5/850 (0.6) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Antoni S et al. [60] | 8 (2.5) | 56 (17.4) | NA | 131 (40.7) | 34 (10.6) | 86 (26.7) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Kyung Soo et al. [39] | 9 (9.2) | 13 (13.3) | 5 (5.1 | 97 (99) | 18 (18.4) | 37 (37.8) | 12 (12.2) | 11 (11.2) | 4 (4.1) | 3 (3.1) | 15.3 ± 9.5 mg/dL | 0.9 ± 0.5 mg/dL | NA | NA | NA |
Data are presented as means ± SD, n (%) or median (interquartile range). AKI, Acute kidney injury; CFR, case fatality rate; CSR, case severity rate; NA, data not available; NIV, non-invasive ventilation; IMV, invasive mechanical ventilation; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; CRRT, continuous renal replacement therapy; UA, Uric acid; BUN, Blood urea nitrogen; Scr, Serum creatinine.