FIGURE 3.

The beneficial effects of treatment with astaxanthin (Ax) was associated with its regulation of mitochondrial function. (a,b) OXPHOS expression of hepatocytes and livers; (c) ATP levels; (d) relative mtDNA levels; (e) ROS analysed by flow cytometry; (f) mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) analysed by flow cytometry; (g) relative expression of mitochondrial mRNAs (NRF1 and TFAM); (h) mitochondria under electron microscopy (×1900) (mitochondria were marked by arrows). Data shown are means ± SEM; in (b), n = 7; n = 5 in other groups. ^# P<.05, significantly different from control, ^* P<.05. significantly different from FFA