Table 2.
Neonatal outcomes according to time period.
| Period 1 (n = 267) | Period 2 (n = 261) | Period 3 (n = 228) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GA at delivery (weeks) | 28.3 ± 2.5 | 27.9 ± 2.3 | 28.3 ± 2.3 | 0.142 |
| Birth weight (kg) | 1.12 ± 0.40 | 1.07 ± 0.38 | 1.09 ± 0.38 | 0.339 |
| Male | 145 (54.3) | 139 (53.3) | 128 (56.1) | 0.813 |
| 1-min Apgar score < 4 | 38 (14.2) | 44 (16.9) | 33 (14.5) | 0.656 |
| 5-min Apgar score < 7 | 59 (22.1) | 45 (17.2) | 30 (13.2) | 0.0331 |
| Neonatal death | 8 (3.0) | 14 (5.4) | 16 (7.0) | 0.119 |
| NEC (≥ stage 2b) | 7 (2.6) | 17 (6.5) | 11 (4.8) | 0.103 |
| Stage 2b | 2 (28.6) | 4 (23.5) | 1 (9.1) | 0.591 |
| Stage 3a | 1 (14.3) | 4 (23.5) | 1 (9.1) | |
| Stage 3b | 4 (57.1) | 9 (52.9) | 9 (81.8) | |
| Onset of NEC (days) | 21 (3‒61) | 13.5 (3‒53) | 21 (3‒63) | 0.622 |
| Early-onset | 3 (42.9) | 8 (47.1) | 3 (27.3) | 0.571 |
| Late-onset | 4 (57.1) | 9 (52.9) | 8 (72.7) | |
| Laboratory findings | ||||
| Thrombocytopenia | 6 (85.7) | 13 (76.5) | 8 (72.7) | 0.812 |
| Acidosis | 3 (42.9) | 13 (76.5) | 9 (81.8) | 0.166 |
| Radiology and ultrasound findings | ||||
| Fixed loop or severe ileus | 7 (100) | 17 (100) | 11 (100) | > 0.999 |
| Portal venous gas | 2 (28.6) | 6 (35.3) | 3 (27.3) | 0.890 |
| Pneumoperitoneum/pneumatosis intestinalis | 4 (57.1) | 12 (70.6) | 4 (36.4) | 0.202 |
| Ascites | 4 (57.1) | 12 (70.6) | 8 (72.7) | 0.762 |
| NEC perforation | 4 (1.5) | 10 (3.8) | 9 (3.9) | 0.188 |
| Ileum | 0 (0) | 1 (14.3) | 0 (0) | 0.535 |
| Jejunum | 4 (100) | 6 (85.7) | 8 (88.9) | |
| Ileum & jejunum | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (11.1) | |
| SIP | 1 (0.4) | 5 (1.9) | 10 (4.4) | 0.0081 |
Data are presented as number (percentage), mean ± standard deviation or median (range).
GA gestational age, NEC necrotizing enterocolitis, SIP spontaneous intestinal perforation.
1Significantly different between period 1 and period 3 (Bonferroni test).