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. 2020 Jul 30;3:407. doi: 10.1038/s42003-020-01143-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a, b Parasitism between the roots of P. japonicum and Arabidopsis. The P. japonicum root parasitized the Arabidopsis root (insets). Transport of a symplasmic tracer dye, carboxyfluorescein (CF, colored in green), showed establishment of a symplasmic connection between the plants; light micrograph (a) and fluorescence image (b). Arrows indicate the site where CF dye was applied and the direction of transport. c, d Site where P. japonicum parasitized the Arabidopsis root. c Phloroglucinol staining showing xylem bridge formation (XB). d Cross-section of the parasitization site. The P. japonicum tissue invaded the Arabidopsis root tissues. Dashed line indicates the interface of parasitism. e Transmission electron micrograph of the interface between P. japonicum (pink) and Arabidopsis (blue). Partial tissue adhesion was observed at the interface. The dashed rectangle indicates the area of (f–i). f–i Serial sections at the interface between P. japonicum and Arabidopsis cells. The cell wall was partially digested. PjP. japonicum, AtArabidopsis. Scale bars, 5 mm (a, b), 100 μm (c, d), 10 µm (e), and 2 µm (f–i).