Fig. 6. Glycosyl hydrolase 9B gene family in Orobanchaceae.

a Phylogeny of Glycosyl hydrolase 9B3 genes of L. philippensis (yellow), P. japonicum (red), S. hermonthica (blue), Arabidopsis, and N. benthamiana reconstructed using deduced amino acid sequences. If the number of P. japonicum or S. hermonthica genes in a clade is less than twice the number of Arabidopsis genes in the same clade, the gene is highlighted in light pink or light blue. b Phylogeny of Orobanchaceae including non-, hemi-, and holo-parasitic species. Estimated branching time points (million years ago, MYA) are indicated³⁰. Expression patterns of genes encoding the amino acid sequence closest to NbGH9B3 and AtGH9B3 in grafting for L. philippensis and P. japonicum, in which Arabidopsis was used as the stock plants, or parasitism for S. hermonthica¹⁸ and P. japonicum, in which rice and Arabidopsis were the host plants, respectively.