. 2020 Jul 30;6:68. doi: 10.1038/s41420-020-00305-y

Table 2.

Extracellular vesicle-based therapeutic options in cardiovascular diseases.

Therapies	Roles
Intravascular injection of endothelial EVs containing miR-126¹⁷	Accelerating reendothelialization after electric denudation of the endothelium¹⁷
MSCs-derived EVs²³	Modifying the polarisation status of macrophages and attenuating myocardial ischaemia–reperfusion injury²³
Hypoxia-induced MSC-derived EVs²⁴	Ameliorating cardiomyocyte apoptosis and preventing cardiomyocyte death in MI²⁴
cTnI-targeted EVs carrying miR-590-3p from MSCs⁷⁰	Promoting cardiomyocyte proliferation and restoring cardiac function in the peri-MI area⁷⁰
An engineered hydrogel patch capable of slowly releasing and providing sustained delivery of EVs secreted from iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes⁵⁵	Promoting ejection–fraction recovery, lowering arrhythmic burden, reducing infarct size and inhibiting cell hypertrophy after MI⁵⁵
Cell-free delivery of EVs secreted from iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes⁷¹	Promoting heart recovery in myocardial injury⁷¹
Localised injection of miR-21-loaded EVs⁵⁶	Inhibiting cell apoptosis and restoring cardiac function in preclinical MI⁵⁶
EVs engineered by ischaemic myocardium-targeting peptides⁵⁷	Enhancing therapeutic effects on MI⁵⁷

EV extracellular vesicle, MiR micro-ribonucleic acid, MSCs mesenchymal stromal cells, MI myocardial infarction, iPSCs induced pluripotent stem cells.