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. 2020 Jul 30;10:12816. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-68802-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Impaired cardiac function and stiffer heart tissue in caveolae-deprived cav1^cn100 mutants. (a) Quantification of ejection fraction in cav1^+/+ and cav1^cn100 hearts. n_WT = 22, n_cn100 = 20. (b) Heart rate measurements in cav1^+/+ and cav1^cn100 animals. n_WT = 23, n_cn100 = 20. t-test, *P < 0.05. (c) AFM set-up. Cartoon made with Adobe Illustrator CC2018 (www.adobe.com). (d, e) Images of the cantilever (arrowhead), the laser beam on top of the cantilever (dashed circle, also in c) and the ventricle (asterisk). Images were taken with an inverted optical microscope (AXIO Observer D1; Carl Zeiss, Germany, see Methods). (f) Biomechanical characterization of cav1^+/+ and cav1^cn100 ventricles as measured by AFM-force spectroscopy and expressed in Young’s moduli. n_WT = 9, n_cn100 = 8, t-test, ***P < 0.001. (g) Force-distance graph for indentation and retraction of the cantilever over the ventricular surface.