Fig. 5.

Use of dual TLR7/NOD2 adjuvant with NP-p24 HIV vaccine enhances systemic and mucosal T cell response in CB6F1 mice after intranasal administration and protect mice for a lethal intranasal challenge. IFN-γ and (A) IL-17 (B) secreting CD4⁺ and CD8⁺T cells were analyzed by ELISPOT in the spleen or in the lung of vaccinated mice at day 42. IFN-γ and IL-17 secretion were measured after stimulation with p24 recombinant antigen (CD4 response) or p24-specific MHC-I peptide. Results are expressed as number of spots per 1.10⁶ splenocytes. (see supplemental methods). (C) Disease course of the mice assessed by weight loss after challenge with vDK1 recombinant vaccinia virus expressing HIV-1 p24 gag (two independent experiments). Vaccinia titers were measured in the lungs at the time of sacrifice as previously described [28,29]. A nonparametric t-test or one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test was used where appropriate. P > 0.05; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001.