Table 2.

Pre- to post-treatment outcomes (paired sample t-tests).

Variable	Pre-Treatment (M+SD)	Post-treatment (M+SD)	95% Confidence Interval	P-value
Child HbA1c	8.01±1.02	7.89±1.03	−0.04 to 0.30	.120
Child HbA1c (>7.5% at baseline)†	8.62±0.79	8.39±0.80	0.01 to 0.44	.041
Parent HFS-Total (HFS-PYC)	71.5±16.5	59.9±15.7	6.53 to 16.61	<.001
Parent HFS-Behavior (HFS-PYC Behavior)	30.5±6.1	26.9±6.1	1.81 to 5.33	<.001
Parent HFS- Worry (HFS-PYC Worry)	40.9±11.9	33.9±10.2	3.34 to 9.99	<.001
Parenting Stress- Frequency (PIP- Frequency)	95.9±23.4	81.8±20.5	7.82 to 20.46	<.001
Parenting Stress- Difficulty (PIP- Difficulty)	79.0±30.6	70.6±28.2	0.19 to 16.66	.045
Parent Depressive Symptoms (CESD-R)	11.1±10.4	9.2±9.7	-0.83 to 4.54	.169
Parent Self-Efficacy (PSESDM)	32.9±5.2	33.7±4.8	-2.46 to 1.03	.411
Parent Diabetes Distress-Total (PAID-PR)‡	32.4±17.6	24.9±15.7	2.54 to 12.55	.005
Parent Diabetes Distress-Immediate (PAID-PR Immediate) ‡	9.6±7.0	7.3±6.8	0.03 to 4.57	.047
Parent Diabetes Distress-Theory (PAID-PR Theory) ‡	22.6±11.4	17.6±9.7	2.15 to 8.35	.002

Note. N=36;

^†N=24, HbA1c >7.5% at baseline;

^‡survey added after cohorts 1 and 2, so N=25.