Table 2.
Associations between Prenatal Airborne PAH Measures and Child BMI Z-Scores from Age 5 to 14 Years
| Beta Coefficient, (95% CI), P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictor Variables | Primary Analyses a | Sensitivity Analyses b | |||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |
| Age in Months | 0.21 (0.15, 0.27) P<0.01 | 0.21 (0.15, 0.27) P<0.01 | 0.20 (0.14, 0.27) P<0.01 | 0.21 (0.14, 0.27) P<0.01 | 0.23 (0.16, 0.30) P<0.01 |
| Age in Months 2 | −0.02 (−0.03, −0.01) P<0.01 | −0.02 (−0.03, −0.01) P<0.01 | −0.02 (−0.03, −0.01) P<0.01 | −0.02 (−0.03, −0.01) P<0.01 | −0.03 (−0.04, −0.01) P<0.001 |
| PAH Exposure 1st Tertile | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| PAH Exposure 2nd Tertile | 0.31 (0.03, 0.6) 0.029 | 0.25 (−0.02, 0.52) P=0.075 | 0.23 (−0.05, 0.51) P=0.112 | 0.25 (−0.04, 0.54) P=0.095 | 0.25 (−0.02, 0.52) P=0.07 |
| PAH Exposure 3rd Tertile | 0.38 (0.11, 0.65) P=0.006 | 0.35 (0.09, 0.61) P=0.007 | 0.39 (0.12, 0.65) P=0.005 | 0.33 (0.06, 0.61) P=0.017 | 0.36 (0.11, 0.62) P=0.005 |
| PAH Exposure 1st Tertile * Age in Months | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| PAH Exposure 2nd Tertile * Age in Months | −0.08 (−0.17, 0.00) P=0.051 | −0.08 (−0.16, 0.00) P=0.056 | −0.07 (−0.16, 0.02) P=0.124 | −0.08 (−0.17, 0.01) P=0.082 | −0.10 (−0.11, 0.09) P=0.047 |
| PAH Exposure 3rd Tertile * Age in Months | −0.13 (−0.21, −0.05) P=0.002 | −0.13 (−0.2, −0.05) P=0.002 | −0.15 (−0.23, −0.06) P=0.001 | −0.11 (−0.19, −0.03) P=0.01 | −0.16 (−0.25, −0.07) P=0.001 |
| PAH Exposure 1st Tertile * Age in Months 2 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| PAH Exposure 2nd Tertile * Age in Months 2 | 0.01 (0, 0.02) P=0.148 | 0.01 (0, 0.02) P=0.16 | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.02) P=0.326 | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.02) P=0.311 | 0.01 (0.00, 0.03) P=0.11 |
| PAH Exposure 3rd Tertile * Age in Months 2 | 0.01 (0, 0.02) P=0.015 | 0.01 (0, 0.02) P=0.017 | 0.01 (0, 0.02) P=0.013 | 0.01 (0, 0.02) P=0.079 | 0.02 (0.01, 0.04) P=0.008 |
Primary Analyses Model 1: no covariate adjustment. Based on 535 subjects with 2,389 BMI z-score measures. Model 2: covariate adjusted analyses of 20 Multiple Imputed datasets, adjusting for material hardship during pregnancy and at child follow-ups, Institute of Medicine gestational weight gain categories, maternal pregnancy obesity, child sex, child race/ethnicity, and child birth weight. Based on 535 subjects with 2,389 BMI z-score measures.
Secondary Analyses Model 3: covariate adjusted complete case analyses of complete cases adjusting for material hardship during pregnancy and at child follow-ups, Institute of Medicine gestational weight gain categories, maternal pregnancy obesity, child sex, child race/ethnicity, and child birth weight. Based on 477 subjects with 2,108 BMI Z-score measures. Model 4: covariate adjusted analyses of 20 Multiple Imputed datasets with inverse probability weights for complete follow-up, adjusting for material hardship during pregnancy and at child follow-ups, Institute of Medicine gestational weight gain categories, maternal pregnancy obesity, child sex, child race/ethnicity, and child birth weight. Based on 535 subjects with 2,389 BMI z-score measures. Model 5: omitting BMI z-score values collected after a child participated in the P01 follow-up. Covariate adjusted analyses of 20 Multiple Imputed datasets with inverse probability weights for complete follow-up, adjusting for material hardship during pregnancy and at child follow-ups, Institute of Medicine gestational weight gain categories, maternal pregnancy obesity, child sex, child race/ethnicity, and child birth weight. Based on analyses of 535 children and 1,827 BMI Z-score measures.