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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jul 31.
Published in final edited form as: Gait Posture. 2017 Dec 6;60:175–180. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.12.001

Table 3:

Measures of Foot Structure, Flexibility, and Function for Total Sample and Comparisons of Measures across AHF Categories.

Variable All (N=2,162) Flexible (N=436 feet) Referent (N=1,308 feet) Stiff (N=418 feet) X2 p-value Post hoc
(unit) Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE F v R F v S R v S
AHI, sitting 0.351 0.001 0.358 0.001 0.351 0.001 0.345 0.001 60.127 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
AHI, standing 0.327 0.001 0.320 0.001 0.327 0.001 0.334 0.001 90.618 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Arch Drop (cm) 0.46 0.00 0.72 0.01 0.45 0.00 0.21 0.01 2187.19 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
ΔFL (cm) 0.39 0.01 0.46 0.01 0.37 0.01 0.33 0.01 60.94 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001
AHF (mm/kn) 16.05 0.14 26.70 0.33 15.00 0.09 6.45 0.22 2661.69 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
MVI (%) 10.80 0.18 11.76 0.32 10.41 0.20 10.23 0.36 14.74 0.001 0.000 0.002 0.667
CPEI (%) 22.01 0.19 21.18 0.35 21.93 0.19 22.91 0.32 13.81 0.001 0.041 0.000 0.005
PP (N/cm2) 58.82 0.52 57.69 0.81 58.55 0.54 60.22 0.88 5.40 0.067

Feet are categorized based on AHF. Extreme quintiles are categorized as either flexible or stiff while the middle 3 quintiles are categorized as referent. Those feet with flexible arch showed the lowest standing AHI and the largest MVI (pronatory foot structure), the largest foot elongation (flexibility), and the smallest CPEI (pronatory foot function), follow by referent, and those feet with stiff AHF.