Table 1.
Patient and hospital characteristics during the intensive care unit for those who survived to hospital discharge
| Total (n = 4033) | Deliriuma | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Delirium (n = 1799) | No delirium (n = 2234) | ||
| Patient characteristics on ICU admission | ||||
| Age, median (IQR) years | 60 (46–71) | 60 (46–70) | 60 (46–71) | 0.85 |
| Male sex, no. (%) | 2744 (68.0) | 1278 (71.0) | 1466 (65.6) | < 0.001 |
| Reason for ICU admission, no. (%)b | ||||
| Medical | 2172 (54.9) | 939 (52.8) | 1233 (56.7) | < 0.001 |
| Surgical | 1221 (30.9) | 449 (25.2) | 772 (35.5) | |
| Neurological | 205 (5.2) | 143 (8.0) | 62 (2.9) | |
| Trauma | 356 (9.0) | 249 (14.0) | 107 (4.9) | |
| Comorbidities, no. (%)c | ||||
| AIDS | 6 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) | 5 (0.2) | 0.24 |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 270 (6.7) | 140 (7.8) | 130 (5.8) | 0.011 |
| Cancer | 587 (14.6) | 210 (11.7) | 377 (16.8) | < 0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 201 (5.0) | 143 (8.0) | 58 (2.6) | < 0.001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 435 (10.8) | 206 (11.5) | 229 (10.2) | 0.19 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 699 (17.3) | 321 (17.9) | 378 (16.9) | 0.38 |
| Diabetes | 518 (12.8) | 230 (12.8) | 288 (12.9) | 0.99 |
| Diabetes + complications | 694 (17.2) | 324 (18.1) | 370 (16.5) | 0.19 |
| Hemiplegia or paraplegia | 90 (2.2) | 53 (3.0) | 37 (1.7) | 0.005 |
| Metastatic cancer | 167 (4.1) | 57 (3.2) | 110 (4.9) | 0.006 |
| Mild liver disease | 196 (4.9) | 108 (6.0) | 88 (3.9) | 0.002 |
| Moderate/severe liver disease | 104 (2.6) | 62 (3.5) | 42 (1.9) | 0.002 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 153 (3.8) | 72 (4.0) | 81 (3.6) | 0.51 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 228 (5.7) | 106 (5.9) | 122 (5.4) | 0.52 |
| Renal disease | 207 (5.1) | 97 (5.4) | 110 (4.9) | 0.47 |
| Rheumatoid disease | 61 (1.5) | 29 (1.6) | 32 (1.4) | 0.62 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Score, median (IQR) | 1 (0–3) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–3) | 0.17 |
| SOFA score on ICU admission, median (IQR) | 6 (3–9) | 7 (5–10) | 5 (3–7) | < 0.001 |
| APACHE II score on ICU admission, median (IQR) | 18 (13–23) | 20 (15–26) | 16 (11–21) | < 0.001 |
| Glasgow Coma Scale score on ICU admission, median (IQR) | 15 (13–15) | 14 (11–15) | 15 (15–15) | < 0.001 |
| Interventions received in ICU | ||||
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 2535 (62.9) | 1463 (81.3) | 1072 (48.0) | < 0.001 |
| Non-invasive mechanical ventilation | 569 (14.1) | 276 (15.3) | 293 (13.1) | 0.043 |
| Continuous renal replacement therapy | 181 (4.5) | 145 (8.1) | 36 (1.6) | < 0.001 |
| Vasoactive medications | 1770 (43.9) | 1035 (57.5) | 735 (32.9) | < 0.001 |
| Hospital characteristics | ||||
| ≥ 20 ICU beds, no. (%) | 2161 (53.6) | 1084 (60.3) | 1077 (48.2) | < 0.001 |
| ≥ 600 hospital beds, no. (%) | 2404 (59.6) | 1186 (65.9) | 1218 (54.5) | < 0.001 |
| Teaching hospital, no. (%) | 3304 (81.9) | 1571 (87.3) | 1733 (77.6) | < 0.001 |
| ≥ 24 h in ICU after ready for ICU discharge | 1505 (37.3) | 695 (38.6) | 810 (36.3) | 0.12 |
| Patient characteristics on ICU discharge | ||||
| Length of ICU stay, median (IQR) days | 4.1 (2.3–7.6) | 6.6 (3.8–12.4) | 2.9 (1.9–4.8) | < 0.001 |
Abbreviations: AIDS Auto-immune deficiency syndrome, APACHE II score Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II Score, ICU Intensive care unit, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment
aPatients who scored positive for delirium by the Intensive Care Unit Delirium Screening Checklist (ICDSC) of a score greater than or equal to 4 at any time during the ICU were categorized as ever having delirium
bMutually exclusive categories; 77 patients missing data
cNon-mutually exclusive categories