TABLE 1.
Multicomponent exercise intervention programs focusing on physical and cognitive training.
| Week | Exercise group (EMAT exercise) | Control group (Conventional exercise) |
| 1 | Course introduction and pre-test | Course introduction and pre-test |
| 2 | Ladder: straight walk, side walk, and reaction time game with mat sparkled in a random sequence (entry level) | Muscle strengthening (TheraBand) |
| Grid: grid-step aerobics | Shape recognition | |
| Circle: static balance training, multi-directional excursion balance and coordination training (entry level) | ||
| 3 | Ladder: straight walk, side walk, and reaction time game (advanced level, with various foot steps) | Muscle strengthening (Swiss ball) |
| Grid: numerical-step aerobics | Pattern recognition | |
| Circle: static balance training, multi-directional excursion balance and coordination training (advanced level) | ||
| 4 | Ladder: v-step aerobics (entry level) | Muscle strengthening (TheraBand) |
| Grid: seated abdominal crunch with ball between knees or ankles (entry level) | Reaction training | |
| Circle: multi-directional lunge exercise, star excursion balance training (entry level) | ||
| 5 | Ladder: v-step aerobics (advanced level, using complicated movement with cognitive manipulation) | Muscle strengthening (Swiss ball) |
| Grid: seated abdominal crunch (advanced level) | Fine motor training | |
| Circle: multi-directional lunge exercise with TheraBand, star excursion balance training (advanced level) | ||
| 6 | Ladder: mini-squat walking, reaction time game using basketball (single play) | Aerobic exercise (entry level) |
| Grid: stepping reaction game, and with concurrent calculation of addition (collaborative play) | Numerical cognition | |
| Circle: boxing aerobics with cross-shaped steps (entry level) | ||
| 7 | Ladder: mini-squat walking with a TheraBand on the thighs, reaction time game using basketball (collaborative play) | Aerobic exercise (entry level) Character and color recognition |
| Grid: stepping reaction game with concurrent calculation of subtraction (collaborative play) | ||
| Circle: boxing aerobics with cross-shaped steps (advanced level) | ||
| 8 | Ladder: aerobics with high knee lift, plank exercise for core strengthening (entry level) | Aerobic exercise (advanced level) |
| Grid: puzzle game and reaction time game using basketball to hit #1–#9 for three rounds (single or collaborative play) | Memory training | |
| Circle: agility training (entry level) | ||
| 9 | Ladder: aerobics with high knee lift, plank exercise for core strengthening (advanced level) | Aerobic exercise (advanced level) |
| Grid: puzzle game and reaction time game using basketball to hit #4 and #6 alternatively while single-leg stand on #5 | Memory training | |
| Circle: agility training (advanced level) | ||
| 10 | Ladder: comprehensive exercise combined training (multiple players) | Balance exercise (entry level) |
| Grid: back-to-back seated core strengthening game using half twist to pass the basketball to hit the mat (collaborative play) | Fine motor training | |
| Circle: aerobics with diagonal (X) steps | ||
| 11 | Ladder: comprehensive exercise combined training (multiple players) | Balance exercise (advanced level) |
| Grid: team competition games | Cognitive strategies | |
| Circle: aerobics with diagonal (X) steps | ||
| 12 | Feedback and post-test | Feedback and post-test |
Multicomponent exercises included strength, aerobic endurance, flexibility, and balance training. The 2 h training session included 20 min of warm-up, 90 min of main activity, and 10 min of cool-down. Active range of motion and stretching exercises were integrated in the warm-up and cool-down phases. The 90 min of physical and cognitive training was divided into two to three sessions with 5–10 min of rest in between. EMAT = mat exergames with simultaneous cognitive–physical training.