Table 4.
Descriptive statistics for all HSOPSC factors in the longitudinal follow-up study of operating theatre staff perceptions’ on hospital safety culture in the stepped wedge cluster RCT implementation of the WHO’s Surgical Safety Checklists in Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| Use of surgical safety checklists | 2009 | 2010 | 2017 | |
| No | No | Yes | Yes | |
| (n=349) | (n=135) | (n=141) | (n=279) | |
| Safety culture factors (HSOPSC) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) |
| Overall patient safety | 3.49 (0.70) | 3.53 (0.66) | 3.63 (0.59)* | 3.58 (0.70) |
| Frequency of events | 2.80 (0.79) | 2.81 (0.84) | 2.78 (0.70) | 2.89 (0.70) |
| Unit managers support patient safety | 3.66 (0.79) | 3.55 (0.86) | 3.70 (0.69) | 3.86 (0.65)*** |
| Continuous improvement | 3.33 (0.66) | 3.36 (0.71) | 3.51 (0.55)** | 3.52 (0.58)*** |
| Team work in unit | 3.61 (0.62) | 3.55 (0.62) | 3.73 (0.54)* | 3.80 (0.57)*** |
| Open communication | 3.60 (0.65) | 3.61 (0.67) | 3.63 (0.65) | 3.68 (0.61) |
| Error feedback | 3.18 (0.72) | *3.00 (0.77) | 3.22 (0.72) | 3.35 (0.73)** |
| Non-punitive | 3.82 (0.64) | 3.82 (0.61) | 3.91 (0.62) | 3.97 (0.62)** |
| Adequate staffing | 3.41 (0.64) | 3.45 (0.64) | 3.60 (0.60)** | 3.50 (0.65) |
| Hospital managers support patient safety | 2.82 (0.75) | 2.95 (0.73) | 2.92 (0.73) | 3.15 (0.75)*** |
| Team work across units | 3.07 (0.53) | 3.14 (0.51) | 3.04 (0.50) | 3.20 (0.49)** |
| Handoffs and transitions | 3.04 (0.61) | *3.11 (0.59) | 3.07 (0.60) | 3.21 (0.62)*** |
*P≤0.05; **p≤0.01; ***p≤0.001; from multivariate regression analysis as detailed in table 5.
HSOPSC, Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture; RCT, randomised controlled trial.;