Table 3. Summary of single toxicity studies.
| Phylum | Species | Life stage | Test duration (in days) | Test endpoint(s) | Effects concentration (µg L-1) |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diazinon | ||||||
| Cnidaria | Acropora tenuis | Larvae | 2 | Metamorphosis | 38.0 (NEC) | Present study |
| Arthropoda | Mysidopsis bahia | Not stated | 4 | Mortality | 6 (LC50) | Sunderam et al. (2000) |
| Arthropoda | Penaeus duorarum | Embryo | 4 | Mortality | 21 (LC50) | Sunderam et al. (2000) |
| Echinodermata | Paracentrotus lividus | Gamete | 0.125 | Fertilisation | 30400 (LOEC) | Pesando et al. (2003) |
| Echinodermata | Paracentrotus lividus | Larvae | 1 | AChE inhibition | 30 (LOEC) | Pesando et al. (2003) |
| Fipronil | ||||||
| Cnidaria | Acropora tenuis | Larvae | 2 | Metamorphosis | 12.3 (NEC) | Present study |
| Arthropoda | Palaemonetes pugio | Embryo | 4 | Mortality | 32.0 (LOEC) | Key et al. (2003) |
| Arthropoda | Palaemonetes pugio | Larvae | 4 | Mortality | 0.50 (LOEC) | Key et al. (2003) |
| Arthropoda | Palaemonetes pugio | Larvae | 4 | Mortality | 0.68 (LC50) | Key et al. (2007) |
| Arthropoda | Palaemonetes pugio | Adult | 4 | Mortality | 0.13 (LOEC) | Key et al. (2003) |
| Arthropoda | Palaemonetes pugio | Adult | 45 | Survival, weight, length | 0.098 (chronic NOEC) | Volz et al. (2003) |
| Arthropoda | Amphiascus tenuiremis | Adult | 4 | Mortality | 6.8 (LC50) | Chandler et al. (2004) |
| Arthropoda | Amphiascus tenuiremis | Nauplii | 12–17 | Mature to adult; egg production | 0.22 (LOEC) | Chandler et al. (2004) |
| Arthropoda | Amphiascus tenuiremis | Adult (female/male) | 4 | Mortality | 6.07/3.86 (LC50) | Bejarano, Chandler & Decho (2005) |
| Arthropoda | Americamysis bahia | < 24 h | 28 | Mortality | 0.0034 (chr. est. NOEC) | USEPA (2015) |
| Arthropoda | Farfantepenaeus aztecus | Juvenile | 29 | Mortality | 1.3 (96-h LC50) | Al-Badran et al. (2018) |
| Rotifera | Brachionus plicatilis | Adult | 1 | Population growth | 1000 (NOEC) | Lee et al. (2018) |
| Imidacloprid | ||||||
| Cnidaria | Acropora tenuis | Larvae | 2 | Metamorphosis | 263 (NEC) | Present study |
| Arthropoda | Palaemonetes pugio | Larvae | 4 | Mortality | 308.8 (LC50) | Key et al. (2007) |
| Arthropoda | Palaemonetes pugio | Adult | 4 | Mortality | 563.5 (LC50) | Key et al. (2007) |
| Arthropoda | Callinectes sapidus | Megalopae | 1 | Mortality | 10.04 (LC50) | Osterberg et al. (2012) |
| Arthropoda | Callinectes sapidus | Juvenile | 1 | Mortality | 1112 (LC50) | Osterberg et al. (2012) |
| Arthropoda | Americamysis bahia | Juvenile | 4 | Mortality | 37.7 (LC50) | USEPA (2015) |
| Arthropoda | Americamysis bahia | Not stated | 4 | Mortality | 38 (EC50) | USEPA (2015) |
| Arthropoda | Americamysis bahia | Not stated | 4 | Mortality | 159 (EC50) | USEPA (2015) |
| Arthropoda | Mysidopsis bahia | Adult | 4 | Mortality | 13.3 (NOEC) | Ward (1990) |
| Arthropoda | Artemia sp. | Adult | 2 | Mortality | 361000 (LC50) | Song, Stark & Brown (1997) |
| Chordata | Menidia beryllina | Larval | 7 | Growth inhibition | 34000 (LOEC) | Environment Canada (2005) |
| Chlorothalonil | ||||||
| Cnidaria | Acropora tenuis | Larvae | 2 | Metamorphosis | 2.42 (NEC) | Present study |
| Chlorophyta | Dunaliella tertiolecta | Log growth phase | 4 | Population growth | 33 (NOEC) | DeLorenzo & Serrano (2003) |
| Arthropoda | Amphiascus tenuiremis | Adult (female/male) | 4 | Mortality | 53.1/26.7(LC50) | Bejarano, Chandler & Decho (2005) |
| Chordata | Ciona intestinalis | Embryo | 2 | Embryonic development | 12 (EC10) | Bellas (2006) |
| Mollusca | Mytilus edulis | Embryo | 2 | Embryonic development | 4.5 (EC10) | Bellas (2006) |
| Echinodermata | Paracentrotus lividus | Embryo | 2 | Embryonic development | 4.3 (EC10) | Bellas (2006) |
| Bacillariophyta | Skeletonema costatum | Not stated | 14 | Population growth | 5.9 (chronic NOEL) | USEPA (2015) |
| Arthropoda | Americamysis bahia | Early life stage | 28 | Mortality | 0.83 (chronic NOEL) | USEPA (2015) |
| Propiconazole | ||||||
| Cnidaria | Acropora tenuis | Larvae | 2 | Metamorphosis | 269 (NEC) | Present study |
| Mollusca | Crassostrea virginica | Spat | 4 | Cell density | 170 | USEPA (2015) |
| Arthropoda | Americamysis bahia | Not stated | 4 | Mortality | 51 | USEPA (2015) |
| Chlorophyta | Dunaliella tertiolecta | Log growth phase | 4 | Population growth | 375 (NOEC) | Baird & DeLorenzo (2010) |
| Bacillariophyta | Skeletonema costatum | Not stated | 11 | Population growth | 5.5 (chr. est. NOEC) | USEPA (2015) |
| Chordata | Cyprinodon variegatus | Early life stage | 100 | Mortality | 150 (NOEL) | USEPA (2015) |
Notes:
Summary of a selection of single toxicity studies (estuarine and marine) using diazinon, fipronil, imidacloprid, chlorothalonil and propiconazole. Adapted from King et al. (2017a, 2017b).
NEC, no effect concentration; LOEC, lowest observed effect concentration; NOEC, no observed effect concentration; chr. est. NOEC, chronic estimated no observed effect concentration; NOEL, no observable effect level.