Table 2. Potential systemic biomarkers for diabetic retinopathy.
| Biomarker (analytical technique) | Serum concentration (pg/mL) | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| CRP (immunoturbidimetric assay) | 5.4 ± 5.8 | (19) |
| TNF-α (ELISA) | 1.7 ± 1.4 | (50) |
| IL-1β (ELISA) | 0.44 ± 0.13 | (65) |
| IL-6 (ELISA) | 3.9 ± 1.2 | (50) |
| IL-8 (Miliplex X-MAP) | 3.0 ± 4.6 | (69) |
| IL-12 (Miliplex X-MAP) | 1.8 ± 1.6 | (50) |
| VEGF (Miliplex X-MAP) | 48.76 ± 76.87 | (69) |
| ICAM-1 (Miliplex X-MAP) | 156.83 ± 89.49 | (69) |
| VCAM-1 (Miliplex X-MAP) | 900.41 ± 374.81 | (69) |
| E-selectin (Miliplex X-MAP) | 36.12 ± 37.62 | (69) |
| MCP-1 (Miliplex X-MAP) | 193.69 ± 133.01 | (69) |
| CCL5 (Miliplex X-MAP) | 75315.97 ± 63941.70 | (69) |
| CRP – C-reactive protein. TNF- α – Tumour necrosis factor- alpha. IL-1β – Interleukin-1- beta. IL-6 – Interleukin-6. IL-8 – Interleukin-8. IL-12 – Interleukin-12. VEGF – Vascular endothelial growth factor. ICAM-1 – Intracellular adhesion molecule-1. VCAM-1 – Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. MCP-1 – monocyte chemotactic protein-1. CCL5 – Chemokine ligand 5. ELISA - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Miliplex X-MAP - Multiplex system bead analysis. | ||