Table 2.
Unadjusted odds of receiving a chest X-ray, or a prescription for a systemic corticosteroid or cough suppressant.
| Chest X-ray |
Systemic corticosteroid |
Cough suppressant |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ORa | 95% CI | p-Value | ORa | 95% CI | p-Value | ORa | 95% CI | p-Value | |
| Variable | |||||||||
| Demographics and social factors | |||||||||
| Sex | |||||||||
| Female | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | |||
| Male | 1.71 | (0.77–3.82) | 0.189 | 1.11 | (0.48–2.55) | 0.816 | 1.81 | (0.67–4.89) | 0.246 |
| Age | |||||||||
| <60 years old | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | |||
| ≥60 years old | 2.35 | (0.90–6.13) | 0.080 | 1.11 | (0.40–3.13) | 0.842 | 3.17 | (0.69–14.52) | 0.138 |
| Race | |||||||||
| Otherc | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | |||
| White, non-Hispanic | 3.59* | (1.15–11.15) | 0.027 | 0.84 | (0.33–2.11) | 0.707 | 2.84* | (1.14–7.09) | 0.025 |
| Ethnicity | |||||||||
| Non-Hispanic | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | |||
| Hispanic | 0.30 | (0.04–2.50) | 0.264 | 3.24 | (0.38–27.27) | 0.280 | 0.45 | (0.10–2.03) | 0.300 |
| Income | |||||||||
| >$75k | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | |||
| <$25k | 1.04 | (0.30–3.61) | 0.586 | 1.40 | (0.41–4.74) | 0.679 | 0.38 | (0.11–1.30) | 0.114 |
| $25k–$49k | 1.18 | (0.43–3.22) | 0.763 | 1.23 | (0.47–3.23) | 0.895 | 0.97 | (0.30–3.09) | 0.392 |
| $50k–$74k | 2.36 | (0.86–6.57) | 0.076 | 1.11 | (0.40–3.11) | 0.872 | 0.69 | (0.21–2.24) | 0.941 |
| Education | |||||||||
| College graduate | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | |||
| No education | 1.72 | (0.26–11.62) | 0.692 | 0.58 | (0.09–3.92) | 0.620 | 0.65 | (0.06–6.84) | 0.952 |
| High school graduate | 1.58 | (0.58–4.31) | 0.619 | 1.02 | (0.36–2.91) | 0.599 | 0.62 | (0.18–2.16) | 0.984 |
| Some college | 1.06 | (0.43–2.65) | 0.565 | 0.77 | (0.32–1.90) | 0.864 | 0.36 | (0.12–1.03) | 0.170 |
| Current smoker | |||||||||
| Never or former | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | |||
| Current | 1.30 | (0.54–3.16) | 0.559 | 1.81 | (0.67–4.89) | 0.246 | 0.83 | (0.31–2.21) | 0.708 |
| Self-reported signs and symptomsb | |||||||||
| Trouble sleeping | 6.62 | (0.77–49.18) | 0.086 | 1.02 | (0.29–3.54) | 0.976 | 0.26 | (0.03–2.11) | 0.209 |
| Cough >21 days | 3.03* | (1.20–7.67) | 0.019 | 0.62 | (0.24–1.58) | 0.316 | 1.46 | (0.45–4.71) | 0.526 |
| Dyspnea | 2.64* | (1.12–6.22) | 0.027 | 0.96 | (0.43–2.10) | 0.908 | 0.90 | (0.38–2.16) | 0.815 |
| Chills or sweats | 2.37* | (1.08–5.17) | 0.031 | 1.54 | (0.72–3.33) | 0.269 | 0.68 | (0.29–1.58) | 0.366 |
| Felt warm or feverish | 2.21 | (0.98–5.01) | 0.056 | 0.79 | (0.36–1.73) | 0.552 | 0.62 | (0.26–1.51) | 0.293 |
| Wheezing or chest sounds | 2.18 | (0.92–5.52) | 0.076 | 1.90 | (0.86–4.17) | 0.110 | 0.57 | (0.22–1.46) | 0.238 |
| Paroxysmal cough | 1.77 | (0.65–4.83) | 0.260 | 0.76 | (0.29–1.98) | 0.569 | 0.54 | (0.17–1.71) | 0.291 |
| Headache | 1.48 | (0.57–3.84) | 0.423 | 0.71 | (0.27–1.85) | 0.482 | 0.21* | (0.05–0.95) | 0.042 |
| Sputum production | 1.37 | (0.57–3.29) | 0.486 | 0.50 | (0.20–1.28) | 0.150 | 0.86 | (0.33–2.27) | 0.767 |
| Runny nose | 1.15 | (0.47–2.79) | 0.764 | 0.59 | (0.23–1.53) | 0.279 | 0.76 | (0.29–2.16) | 0.640 |
| Post-tussive vomiting | 1.09 | (0.49–2.45) | 0.830 | 1.23 | (0.54–2.82) | 0.629 | 1.23 | (0.49–3.10) | 0.659 |
| Red or watery eyes | 0.92 | (0.43–1.98) | 0.838 | 1.35 | (0.63–2.90) | 0.440 | 0.62 | (0.26–1.47) | 0.275 |
| Sneezing | 0.77 | (0.35–1.68) | 0.510 | 1.62 | (0.74–3.53) | 0.226 | 0.62 | (0.25–1.55) | 0.308 |
| Clinician recorded signsb | |||||||||
| Heart rate (≥100/min) | 1.23 | (0.45–3.37) | 0.689 | 4.70* | (1.03–21.37) | 0.046 | 0.84 | (0.28–2.56) | 0.761 |
| Chest sounds (any) | 1.97 | (0.91–4.26) | 0.086 | 0.76 | (0.35–1.67) | 0.492 | 2.11 | (0.82–5.42) | 0.123 |
| Respiratory rate (≥20/min) | 1.35 | (0.49–3.74) | 0.565 | 1.77 | (0.55–5.74) | 0.341 | 1.10 | (0.33–3.62) | 0.879 |
| Temperature (>37.7 °C) | 7.08 | (0.71–70.40) | 0.095 | 1.32 | (0.13–13.13) | 0.812 | 0.27 | (0.04–2.04) | 0.206 |
| Chest sounds | |||||||||
| Normal | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | |||
| Wheezes | 2.66 | (1.02–6.97) | 0.388 | 2.62* | (0.71–9.70) | 0.014 | 1.33 | (0.44–4.02) | 0.508 |
| Crackles | 1.04 | (0.33–3.24) | 0.212 | 0.35 | (0.13–0.99) | 0.124 | 6.63 | (0.83–52.81) | 0.133 |
| Wheezes and crackles | 4.35 | (0.68–27.94) | 0.230 | 0.26 | (0.04–1.68) | 0.168 | 1.47 | (0.16–13.95) | 0.776 |
| Continuous variables | |||||||||
| Age, years | 1.02 | (0.99–1.04) | 0.178 | 1.01 | (0.98–1.03) | 0.553 | 1.03* | (1.00–1.06) | 0.029 |
| Days coughing | 1.03 | (0.99–1.06) | 0.160 | 0.99 | (0.96–1.03) | 0.575 | 1.01 | (0.97–1.06) | 0.609 |
| Heart rate per minute | 1.01 | (0.99–1.04) | 0.454 | 1.02 | (0.99–1.05) | 0.149 | 0.98 | (0.95–1.00) | 0.095 |
| Respiratory rate per minute | 1.08 | (0.91–1.29) | 0.370 | 0.99 | (0.83–1.19) | 0.967 | 0.98 | (0.80–1.12) | 0.815 |
| Temperature, Celsius | 1.64 | (0.66–4.06) | 0.287 | 1.14 | (0.44–2.95) | 0.782 | 0.51 | (0.19–1.35) | 0.174 |
CI = confidence interval.
a
Unadjusted odds ratio: probability modeled patient received a chest X-ray, systemic corticosteroid or cough suppressant.
b
Reference value is not having sign or symptom.
c
African-American, Asian, White Hispanic, or Hispanic only (race not selected).
*
Statistically significant p-value <0.05.