(A) Shifting attention, relative to holding attention, was associated with greater activity within the PPC and FEFs. (B) Holding attention, relative to shifting attention, was associated with greater activity within the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. (C) The interaction of cue type (shift vs. hold) and context (25% shift vs. 75% shift) revealed that shift and hold cues appearing in statistically rare contexts (e.g. a shift cue in the 25% shift context) were associated with activity spanning bilateral PPC, left frontal cortex, left occipital cortex, right middle temporal gyrus, and right angular gyrus. (D) We independently defined a mSPL ROI for each participant using a leave one subject out approach. Extracted parameter estimates for each condition revealed that BOLD activity was greater for unexpected cues than for expected cues. Error bars denote 1 between-subjects SEM.