TABLE 1.
Contribution of the soil source microbiome (showing the top 10 OTUs) to the symbiotic microbiome of each frog speciesa
| Species | Skin sample |
Stomach sample |
Gut sample |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| May | October | May | October | May | October | |
| Bufo gargarizans | OTU26 (g__Carnobacterium) | OTU105 (unclassified) | OTU6 (g__Lactococcus) | OTU1 (g__Enterobacter) | OTU17 (g__Bacillus) | OTU1 (g__Enterobacter) |
| OTU124 (g__Lysobacter) | OTU8 (g__Klebsiella) | OTU1 (g__Enterobacter) | OTU27 (g__Enterobacter) | OTU18 (g__Lactococcus) | OTU24 (g__Paraclostridium) | |
| OTU2 (g__ Acinetobacter) | OTU19 (g__Propionibacterium) | OTU18 (g__Lactococcus) | OTU252 (c__chloroplast) | OTU5 (g__Sphingobium) | OTU99 (g__Bacteroides) | |
| OTU89 (g__Microbacterium) | OTU14 (g__Curvibacter) | OTU17 (g__Bacillus) | OTU8 (g__Klebsiella) | OTU1 (g__Enterobacter) | OTU8 (g__Klebsiella) | |
| OTU44 (g__Pseudarthrobacter) | OTU2 (g__ Acinetobacter) | OTU4 (o__Clostridiales) | OTU51 (g__Buttiauxella) | OTU26 (g__Carnobacterium) | OTU7 (g__Aeromonas) | |
| OTU1 (g__Enterobacter) | OTU1 (g__Enterobacter) | OTU26 (g__Carnobacterium) | OTU7 (g__Aeromonas) | OTU6 (g__Lactococcus) | OTU19 (g__Propionibacterium) | |
| OTU91 (g__Nocardioides) | OTU164 (g__Lactobacillus) | OTU5 (g__Sphingobium) | OTU42 (g__Enterococcus) | OTU42 (g__Enterococcus) | OTU22 (c__chloroplast) | |
| OTU84 (g__Pseudomonas) | OTU117 (g__Lactobacillus) | OTU118 (g__Bacillus) | OTU166 (c__chloroplast) | OTU118 (g__Bacillus) | OTU47 (g__Parabacteroides) | |
| OTU300 (g__Tessaracoccus) | OTU287 (f__Ruminococcaceae) | OTU15 (g__Exiguobacterium) | OTU279 (f__mitochondria) | OTU298 (g__Streptococcus) | OTU350 (g__Lelliottia) | |
| OTU135 (g__Bacillus) | OTU22 (c__chloroplast) | OTU134 (g__Sphingopyxis) | OTU12 (g__Sphingomonas) | OTU4 (o__Clostridiales) | OTU444 (unclassified) | |
| Fejervarya limnocharis | OTU26 (g__Carnobacterium) | OTU19 (g__Propionibacterium) | OTU6 (g__Lactococcus) | OTU1 (g__Enterobacter) | OTU17 (g__Bacillus) | OTU1 (g__Enterobacter) |
| OTU44 (g__Pseudarthrobacter) | OTU22 (c__chloroplast) | OTU5 (g__Sphingobium) | OTU27 (g__Enterobacter) | OTU18 (g__Lactococcus) | OTU8 (g__Klebsiella) | |
| OTU166 (c__chloroplast) | OTU2 (g__ Acinetobacter) | OTU1 (g__Enterobacter) | OTU8 (g__Klebsiella) | OTU118 (g__Bacillus) | OTU7 (g__Aeromonas) | |
| OTU365 (f__Bradyrhizobiaceae) | OTU8 (g__Klebsiella) | OTU26 (g__Carnobacterium) | OTU7 (g__Aeromonas) | OTU14 (g__Curvibacter) | OTU27 (g__Enterobacter) | |
| OTU312 (g__Brevundimonas) | OTU1 (g__Enterobacter) | OTU134 (g__Sphingopyxis) | OTU2 (g__Acinetobacter) | OTU42 (g__Enterococcus) | OTU24 (g__Paraclostridium) | |
| OTU38 (g__Rhizobium) | OTU14 (g__Curvibacter) | OTU70 (g__Afipia) | OTU329 (o__Clostridiales) | OTU11 (g__Bacteroides) | OTU29 (g__Bacteroides) | |
| OTU84 (g__Pseudomonas) | OTU144 (g__Methylobacterium) | OTU109 (g__Massilia) | OTU24 (g__Paraclostridium) | OTU298 (g__Streptococcus) | OTU227 (g__Epulopiscium) | |
| OTU2 (g__ Acinetobacter) | OTU7 (g__Aeromonas) | OTU151 (g__DomiBacillus) | OTU367 (g__Acidibacter) | OTU166 (c__chloroplast) | OTU212 (g__Intestinibacter) | |
| OTU156 (g__Stenotrophomonas) | OTU127 (g__Pseudomonas) | OTU8 (g__Klebsiella) | OTU771 (g__Xanthomonas) | —b | OTU2 (g__Acinetobacter) | |
| OTU423 (g__Stenotrophomonas) | OTU117 (g__Lactobacillus) | OTU17 (g__Bacillus) | OTU215 (p__Chloroflexi) | — | OTU135 (g__Bacillus) | |
| Microhyla fissipes | OTU44 (g__Pseudarthrobacter) | OTU2 (g__ Acinetobacter) | OTU6 (g__Lactococcus) | OTU8 (g__Klebsiella) | — | OTU1 (g__Enterobacter) |
| OTU26 (g__Carnobacterium) | OTU19 (g__Propionibacterium) | OTU1 (g__Enterobacter) | OTU1 (g__Enterobacter) | — | OTU8 (g__Klebsiella) | |
| OTU18 (g__Lactococcus) | OTU8 (g__Klebsiella) | OTU44 (g__Pseudarthrobacter) | OTU164 (g__Lactobacillus) | — | OTU11 (g__Bacteroides) | |
| OTU17 (g__Bacillus) | OTU1 (g__Enterobacter) | OTU84 (g__Pseudomonas) | OTU183 (g__Lactobacillus) | — | OTU22 (c__chloroplast) | |
| OTU3 (f__Caulobacteraceae) | OTU114 (o__Bacteroidales) | OTU135 (g__Bacillus) | OTU262 (o__Bacteroidales) | — | OTU135 (g__Bacillus) | |
| OTU430 (g__Leuconostoc) | OTU81 (o__Bacteroidales) | OTU26 (g__Carnobacterium) | OTU254 (g__Lactobacillus) | — | OTU302 (g__Bacillus) | |
| OTU165 (g__Bacillus) | OTU14 (g__Curvibacter) | OTU2 (g__Acinetobacter) | OTU149 (g__Faecalibaculum) | — | OTU117 (g__Lactobacillus) | |
| OTU2 (g__ Acinetobacter) | OTU155 (g__Rhizobium) | OTU17 (g__Bacillus) | OTU27 (g__Enterobacter) | — | OTU186 (g__Bacteroides) | |
| OTU135 (g__Bacillus) | OTU105 (unclassified) | OTU246 (g__Pseudomonas) | OTU22 (c__chloroplast) | — | OTU33 (g__Parabacteroides) | |
| OTU54 (g__Pseudoalteromonas) | OTU280 (f__Lachnospiraceae) | OTU750 (g__Cupriavidus) | OTU278 (g__Lactobacillus) | — | OTU678 (g__Roseburia) | |
| Pelophylax nigromaculatus | OTU5 (g__Sphingobium) | OTU2 (g__ Acinetobacter) | OTU6 (g__Lactococcus) | OTU1 (g__Enterobacter) | OTU18 (g__Lactococcus) | OTU1 (g__Enterobacter) |
| OTU26 (g__Carnobacterium) | OTU8 (g__Klebsiella) | OTU1 (g__Enterobacter) | OTU149 (g__Faecalibaculum) | OTU17 (g__Bacillus) | OTU27 (g__Enterobacter) | |
| OTU134 (g__Sphingopyxis) | OTU105 (unclassified) | OTU5 (g__Sphingobium) | OTU8 (g__Klebsiella) | OTU1 (g__Enterobacter) | OTU2 (g__Acinetobacter) | |
| OTU44 (g__Pseudarthrobacter) | OTU1 (g__Enterobacter) | OTU18 (g__Lactococcus) | OTU164 (g__Lactobacillus) | OTU16 (o__Clostridiales) | OTU7 (g__Aeromonas) | |
| OTU1 (g__Enterobacter) | OTU349 (g__Leifsonia) | OTU16 (o__Clostridiales) | OTU81 (o__Bacteroidales) | OTU6 (g__Lactococcus) | OTU8 (g__Klebsiella) | |
| OTU70 (g__Acinetobacter) | OTU117 (g__Lactobacillus) | OTU17 (g__Bacillus) | OTU309 (o__Bacteroidales) | OTU26 (g__Carnobacterium) | OTU16 (o__Clostridiales) | |
| OTU2 (g__ Acinetobacter) | OTU81 (o__Bacteroidales) | OTU26 (g__Carnobacterium) | OTU262 (o__Bacteroidales) | OTU118 (g__Bacillus) | OTU11 (g__Bacteroides) | |
| OTU118 (g__Bacillus) | OTU287 (f__Ruminococcaceae) | OTU2 (g__Acinetobacter) | OTU51 (g__Buttiauxella) | OTU42 (g__Enterococcus) | OTU99 (g__Bacteroides) | |
| OTU151 (g__Domibacillus) | OTU155 (g__Rhizobium) | OTU165 (g__Bacillus) | OTU22 (c__chloroplast) | OTU8 (g__Klebsiella) | OTU108 (f__Lachnospiraceae) | |
| OTU139 (g__Aerococcus) | OTU164 (g__Lactobacillus) | OTU118 (g__Bacillus) | OTU183 (g__Lactobacillus) | OTU430 (g__Leuconostoc) | OTU47 (g__Parabacteroides) | |
a
Bold font indicates the consensus pattern, i.e., the OTU appeared in the microbiome of three or more frog species within each group. Soil source microbiome in the host symbiotic microbiome meant that the host likely acquired the microbiome from the land environment.
b
—, no contribution.