Table 1. Parameters used in prediction models.
The parameters marked in green were used for postoperative opioid requirements prediction prior to surgery and parameters marked in blue were added to the prediction models to perform a postoperative opioid requirements prediction at the end of surgery.
| Patient specific parameters | Procedure specific parameters |
|---|---|
| Age | Surgical specialty |
| Gender | Procedure type (scheduled) |
| Body Mass index (BMI) | Procedure duration (estimated) |
| Race | Preoperative holding area opioids |
| ASA physical status | Preoperative holding area other drugs (Acetaminophen, Gabapentin, Celecoxib) |
| Medical history or anomalies | Preoperative pain levels |
| • Cardiac | Anesthesia method |
| • Pulmonary | • Endotracheal general anesthesia |
| • Renal | • Laryngeal mask airway |
| • Endocrine (diabetes) | • Total intravenous anesthesia |
| • Musculoskeletal | Inhalation agents (type and duration) |
| • Hepatic | Intraoperative opioids (MME) |
| • Neurological | Other intraoperative meds |
| • Cancer | • Acetaminophen |
| • Sleep apnea (Diagnosed or at risk) | • Ketamine |
| • Chronic pain | • Ketorolac |
| Social history | • Naloxone |
| • Smoking status | • Esmolol infusion |
| • Alcohol abuse | • Lidocaine infusion |
| • Drug abuse | • Propofol infusion |
| Psychiatric/Neurological issues | Patient position |
| • Anxiety | Local infiltration |
| • Depression | Input fluids (Crystalloids, colloids, blood) |
| • Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | Output fluids (Urine, blood loss, gastric output) |
| • Spinal cord injury | |
| Home medications | Providers |
| • On opioids | • Surgeon |
| • On non-opioid pain medications | • Anesthesiologist |