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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jul 31.
Published in final edited form as: Lancet. 2014 Jul 22;385(9963):172–185. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60973-9
Country Population Study design Outcomes Sample size Sampling
Sonagachi Project
Basu et al, 2004 India Female sex workers Group randomised trial Condom use with all clients N-200
(100 per study group)		 Random selection of
participants
Gangopadhyay et al, 2005 India Female sex workers Cross-sectional study Gonorrhoea; chlamydia N-342
(173 intervention,
169 control group)		 Involved a mix of random and
non-random selection of
participants
Belgaum Integrated Rural Development Society (BIRDS)
Halli et al, 2006 India Female sex workers Cross-sectional study Condom use with all clients N-1512 Random selection of
participants
Frontiers Prevention Project (FPP)
Gutierrez et al, 2010 India Female sex workers Serial cross-sectional study Condom use with all clients N=3442 (round 1),
N=2147 (round 2)		 Non-random selection of
participants
Avahan
Adhikary et al, 2012 India Female sex workers Serial cross-sectional study HIV; high-titre syphilis;
chlamydia; gonorrhoea;
condom use with all clients,
regular clients, and new
clients		 N=7828 (round 1),
N=7806 (round 2)		 Random selection of
participants
Blanchard et al, 2013 India Female sex workers Cross-sectional study Condom use with regular
clients		 N=1750 Random selection of
participants
Blankenship et al, 2008 India Female sex workers Cross-sectional study Condom use with all clients,
regular clients, and new
clients		 N=812 Non-random selection of
participants
(respondent-driven sampling)
Boily et al, 2013 India Female sex workers Serial cross-sectional study HIV; chlamydia; gonorrhoea N=2284 (round 1),
N=2378 (round 2),
N=2359 (round 3)		 Random selection of
participants
Deering et al, 2011 India Female sex workers Cross-sectional study Condom use with regular
clients and new clients		 N=775 Random selection of
participants
Erausquin et al, 2012 India Female sex workers Serial cross-sectional study Condom use with all clients N=794 (round 1),
N=669 (round 2),
N=813 (round 3)		 Random selection of
participants
Guha et al, 2012 India Female sex workers Cross-sectional study Condom use with all clients N=9111 Random selection of
participants
Mainkar et al, 2011 India Female sex workers Serial cross-sectional study HIV; high-titre syphilis;
chlamydia; gonorrhoea;
condom use with all clients,
regular clients, and new
clients		 N=2525
(round 1),
N=2525 (round 2)		 Random selection of
participants
Rachakulla et al, 2011 India Female sex workers Serial cross-sectional study HIV; condom use with all
clients, regular clients, and
new clients		 N=3271 (round 1),
N=3225 (round 2)		 Random selection of
participants
Ramakrishnan et al, 2010 India Female sex workers Cross-sectional study Condom use with regular
clients and new clients		 N=9667 Random selection of
participants
Ramesh et al, 2010 India Female sex workers Serial cross-sectional study HIV; high-titre syphilis;
chlamydia; gonorrhoea;
condom use with all clients,
regular clients, and new
clients		 N=2312 (round 1),
N=2400 (round 2)		 Random selection of
participants
(conventional duster and time-
location cluster sampling)
Reza-Paul et al, 2008 India Female sex workers Serial cross-sectional study HIV; high-titre syphilis;
chlamydia; gonorrhoea;
condom use with all clients,
regular clients, and new
clients		 N=429 (round 1),
N=425 (round 2)		 Random selection of
participants
(time-location cluster sampling)
Thilakavathi et al, 2011 India Female sex workers Serial cross-sectional study HIV; high-titre syphilis;
chlamydia; gonorrhoea;
condom use with all clients,
regular clients, and new
clients		 N=2032 (round 1),
N=2006 (round 2)		 Random selection of
participants
Encontros
Lippman et al, 2012 Brazil Female, male, and
transvestite sex
workers		 Prospective cohort study Chlamydia; gonorrhoea;
condom use with regular
clients and new clients		 N=420 Non-random selection of
participants
Lippman et al, 2010 Brazil Female, male, and
transvestite sex
workers		 Prospective cohort study Chlamydia; gonorrhoea N=420 Non-random selection of
participants
Fio da Alma
Kerrigan et al, 2008 Brazil Female sex workers Serial cross-sectional study Condom use with all clients N=499 (round 1),
N=537 (round 2)		 Non-random selection of
participants
Projeto Princesinha
Benzaken et al, 2007 Brazil Female sex workers Serial cross-sectional study Condom use with all clients N=148 (round 1);
N=139 (round 2)		 Non-random selection of
participants
Compromiso Colectivo
Kerrigan et al, 2006 Dominican
Republic		 Female sex workers Serial cross-sectional study Chlamydia; gonorrhoea;
condom use with new clients		 Santo Domingo:
N=210 (round 1),
N=206 (round 2)

Puerto Plata:
N=200 (round 1),
N=200 (round 2)		 Random selection of
participants