Figure 3.

Phylogeny of Reported Cancers and Benign Tumors in Aves

Illustration of the comprehensive Madsen et al. (2017) literature review of reported neoplasia/tumors and malignancy in birds. Species represented in the phylogeny had evidence of tumors. Phylogeny was inferred from VertLife (Jetz et al., 2012) and created using the Interactive Tree of Life (Letunic and Bork, 2019). Solid blue stars indicate presence of malignant cancers in the representative lineages. We coded the data to represent presence (filled in colored box) or absence (outline box) of the top reported human cancers, organized by tissue. GI, gastrointestinal.