Table 3.

Confounders and risk factors evaluated in studies of maternal overweight or obesity and risk of ADHD in offspring

Group	Variables	1a	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14
Parental characteristics	Maternal age	×	×			×	×	×	×	×	×	×	×	×	×
	Paternal age									×					×
	Race				×	×			×
	Birth country	×					×						×
	Social class/status (base on education and occupation)			×						×		×			×
	Family income/poverty			×		×			×					×
	Family structure during pregnancy		×
	Family structure at follow-up	×	×
	Maternal employment status during pregnancy/follow-up											×
	Marital status/cohabitation						×		×						×
	Maternal smoking(during pregnancy)	×	×	×		×	×	×	×	×			×	×	×
	Weight gain during pregnancy	×	×		×				×		×
	Gestational diabetes							×	×					×
	Maternal IQ				×							×
	Life events (e.g. interpersonal loss, personal financial problems relocation and serious illness within the previous year)		×
	Maternal anxiety													×
	Depressive symptoms at follow-up				×									×
	Depressive symptoms during/after pregnancy		×						×
	Paternal education			×								×
	Maternal education	×	×	×	×	×	×	×	×			×	×
	Paternal BMI			×								×	×		×
Pregnancy-related	Parity/birth order				×	×	×	×	×		×	×	×	×	×
	Apgar score 1 minute after birth							×
	Mode of delivery							×
	Pre-eclampsia							×
	Folic acid supplementation							×
	Breastfeeding duration								×			×
	Daycare attendance											×
	Obstetric risk				×
Offspring characteristics	Birthweight	×	×		×				×	×				×
	Gestational age	×	×		×					×	×			×
	Infant sex	×	×		×	×	×	×	×	×	×	×	×	×	×
	Child BMI percentile/overweight		×		×	×			×
	Child physical activity/TV hours					×						×
	Child’s enrichment (read or special lessons)					×			×
	Year of kindergarten entry					×
ADHD-related	Age at assessment/ year of birth				×	×	×		×		×	×	×	×	×
	Paternal or/and maternal hyperactivity/ADHD		×								×				×
	Maternal psychiatric diagnoses							×		×

^aNumber of studies same as Table 2.