Table 4.
Multivariable models using imputed data set (N = 5981)
| Model 1 OR (95% CI)a | Model 2 OR (95% CI)a | Model 3 OR (95% CI)a | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age 17 | |||
| Males | |||
| IQ at 8 years | |||
| Bottom quartile | 2.37 (1.56, 3.59) | 1.95 (1.27, 3.01) | 2.01 (1.27, 3.17) |
| Locus of control at 16.5 years | |||
| > Median [external] | 2.22 (1.57, 3.15) | 1.97 (1.38, 2.81) | 2.00 (1.40, 2.85) |
| Sensation seeking at 17 years | 1.02 (0.99, 1.05)b | 1.03 (1.00, 1.06) | 1.03 (1.00, 1.07) |
| Smoking cigarettes at 16.5 years | |||
| Tried | 1.61 (1.02, 2.54) | 1.89 (1.19, 2.98) | 1.86 (1.16, 2.96) |
| < Weekly | 1.72 (0.80, 3.70) | 2.12 (0.97, 4.64) | 2.15 (0.97, 4.76) |
| ≥ Weekly | 2.10 (1.13, 3.93) | 2.57 (1.43, 4.63) | 2.57 (1.41, 4.67) |
| Females | |||
| IQ at 8 years | |||
| Bottom quartile | 1.74 (1.09, 2.79) | 1.30 (0.80, 2.12) | 1.26 (0.77, 2.06) |
| Locus of control at 16.5 years | |||
| > Median [external] | 2.10 (1.37, 3.20) | 1.86 (1.20, 2.87) | 1.82 (1.17, 2.82) |
| Smoking cigarettes at 16.5 years | |||
| Tried | 1.53 (0.93, 2.50) | 1.56 (0.98, 2.50) | 1.57 (0.98, 2.54) |
| < Weekly | 1.64 (0.72, 3.73) | 1.64 (0.73, 3.69) | 1.64 (0.73, 3.69) |
| ≥ Weekly | 3.45 (1.92, 6.21) | 3.40 (2.01, 5.78) | 3.36 (1.97, 5.71) |
| Age 20 | |||
| Males | |||
| IQ at 8 years | |||
| Bottom quartile | 2.30 (1.49, 3.57) | 1.88 (1.18, 2.98) | 1.82 (1.14, 2.91) |
| Sensation seeking at 17 years | 1.02 (0.99, 1.05)b | 1.03 (1.01, 1.06) | 1.04 (1.01, 1.07) |
| Smoking cigarettes at 20 years | |||
| ≥ Weekly | 1.93 (1.26, 2.95) | 1.72 (1.13, 2.62) | 1.71 (1.11, 2.62) |
| Alcohol use at 20 years | |||
| Hazardous | 2.14 (1.53, 2.98) | 2.34 (1.66, 3.28) | 2.33 (1.65, 3.31) |
| Harmful | 4.31 (2.59, 7.18) | 5.20 (3.04, 8.91) | 5.33 (3.08, 9.22) |
| Females | |||
| IQ at 8 years | |||
| Bottom quartile | 1.85 (1.18, 2.91) | 1.26 (0.79, 2.03) | 1.15 (0.71, 1.86) |
| Playing videogames with friends at | |||
| 13/14 years | 1.46 (1.01, 2.13) | 1.48 (1.00, 2.18) | 1.46 (0.98, 2.17) |
| Locus of control at 16.5 years | |||
| > Median [external] | 1.58 (1.12, 2.24) | 1.24 (0.87, 1.78) | 1.18 (0.82, 1.70) |
| Smoking cigarettes at 20 years | |||
| ≥ Weekly | 2.40 (1.63, 3.53) | 2.11 (1.44, 3.11) | 1.99 (1.35, 2.95) |
| Alcohol use at 20 years | |||
| Hazardous | 1.25 (0.88, 1.77)b | 1.43 (0.99, 2.06) | 1.52 (1.05, 2.20) |
| Harmful | 1.32 (0.75, 2.31)b | 1.65 (0.93, 2.92) | 1.80 (1.01, 3.22) |
| Males | |||
| Smoking cigarettes at 23 years | |||
| ≥ Weekly | 2.38 (1.49, 3.79) | 2.33 (1.47, 3.68) | 2.37 (1.49, 3.78) |
| Social media use at 24 years | |||
| 2–10 times/day | 1.69 (1.03, 2.75) | 1.76 (1.05, 2.93) | 1.80 (1.07, 3.02) |
| > 10 times/day | 2.74 (1.63, 4.61) | 2.94 (1.73, 4.99) | 3.05 (1.78, 5.21) |
| Age 24 | |||
| Females | |||
| Locus of control at 16.5 years | |||
| > Median [external] | 1.43 (1.00, 2.06) | 1.17 (0.81, 1.68) | 1.09 (0.75, 1.60) |
| Smoking cigarettes at 23 years | |||
| ≥ Weekly | 3.00 (1.88, 4.79) | 2.68 (1.71, 4.19) | 2.51 (1.58, 4.00) |
| Social media use at 24 years | |||
| 2–10 times/day | 2.08 (0.97, 4.45) | 1.83 (0.87, 3.84) | 1.92 (0.89, 4.13) |
| > 10 times/day | 2.97 (1.37, 6.45) | 2.61 (1.23, 5.55) | 2.80 (1.29, 6.09) |
Multinomial odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) refer to regular gambling versus no gambling
The child variables significant after adjustment for all other child variables were adjusted for parental and socioeconomic variables for males (N = 2486) and females (N = 3495) at 17, 20 and 24 years
Those significant after full adjustment at one or more time points are shown in bold
aModel 1: adjusted for other child variables; Model 2: model 1 + adjusted for maternal age, maternal education, maternal gambling at 6 and 18 years, paternal gambling at 6 years; Model 3: model 2 + adjusted for crowding index, financial difficulties, housing status and Index of Multiple Deprivation
b These variables were kept in as occasional gambling was significantly associated with them (shown in Supplementary Table 11)