Table 1.
General properties of selected ETC complex I, II, and III inhibitors
| Panel compounds | ETC complex inhibited | CAS number | Molecular weight (g/mol) | ClogP | Application | Chemical group | Inhibitor type | Putative binding site | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capsaicin* | I | 404-86-4 | 305.20 | 3.64 | Topical analgesic, pepper spray agent | Phenol | Type C | Quinone binding pocket | Degli Esposti and Ghelli (1994), Tocilescu et al. (2010) |
| Deguelin* | I | 522-17-8 | 394.14 | 4.26 | Insecticide | Flavonoid | Quinone binding pocket | Degli Esposti and Ghelli (1994) | |
| Fenazaquin | I | 120928-09-8 | 306.17 | 5.51 | Insecticide/acaricide | Quinazoline | Type A | Quinone binding pocket | Wood et al. (1996), Rgen et al. (1999) |
| Fenpyroximate* | I | 134098-61-6 | 421.20 | 5.01 | Acaricide | Pyrazoles | Type A | Quinone binding pocket | Rgen et al. (1999), Ino et al. (2003), Tocilescu et al. (2010) |
| Pyridaben | I | 96489-71-3 | 364.14 | 5.24 | Insecticide/acaricide | Pyrimidine | Quinone binding pocket | Schuler et al. (1999) | |
| Pyrimidifen* | I | 105779-78-0 | 377.19 | 5.03 | Insecticide/acaricide | Pyrimidine | Type A | Quinone binding pocket | (Lümmen 1998; Rgen et al. 1999) |
| Rotenone* | I | 83-79-4 | 394.14 | 4.10 | Insecticide | Flavonoid | Type B | Quinone binding pocket | Degli Esposti and Ghelli (1994), Tocilescu et al. (2010) |
| Tebufenpyrad* | I | 119168-77-3 | 333.16 | 4.93 | Insecticide/acaricide | Pyrazoles | Quinone binding pocket | Degli Esposti (1998) | |
| Carboxin* | II | 5234-68-4 | 235.07 | 2.22 | Fungicide | Oxathiin-carboxamides | Qp | Quinone binding site | Horsefield et al. (2006), Huang et al. (2006), Ruprecht et al. (2009), Sierotzki and Scalliet (2013) |
| Fenfuram | II | 24691-80-3 | 201.08 | 2.24 | Fungicide | Furan- carboxamides | Qp | Quinone binding site | Sierotzki and Scalliet (2013) |
| Flutolanil | II | 66332-96-5 | 323.11 | 3.70 | Fungicide | Phenyl-benzamides | Qp | Quinone binding site | Sierotzki and Scalliet (2013) |
| Mepronil* | II | 55814-41-0 | 269.14 | 3.90 | Fungicide | Phenyl-benzamides | Qp | Quinone binding site | Sierotzki and Scalliet (2013), Kluckova et al. (2015) |
| Thifluzamide* | II | 130000-40-7 | 525.84 | 5.05 | Fungicide | Thiazole-carboxamides | Qp | Quinone binding site | Sierotzki and Scalliet (2013) |
| Antimycin A* | III | 1397-94-0 | 548.27 | 4.41 | Piscicide | Qi | Q-cycle | Gao et al. (2003), Esser et al. (2004, 2014), Zhao et al. (2010) | |
| Azoxystrobin* | III | 131860-33-8 | 403.12 | 2.50 | Fungicide | Methoxy-acrylates | Qo, Pm | Q-cycle | Esser et al. (2004, 2014), Zhao et al. (2010) |
| Cyazofamid* | III | 120116-88-3 | 324.04 | 3.20 | Fungicide | Cyano-imidazole | Qi | Q-cycle | Esser et al. (2014) |
| Fenamidone | III | 161326-34-7 | 311.11 | 3.72 | Fungicide | Imidazolinones | Qo, Pf | Q-cycle | Esser et al. (2014) |
| Kresoxim-methyl | III | 143390-89-0 | 313.13 | 3.40 | Fungicide | Oximino-acetates | Qo, Pm | Q-cycle | Esser et al. (2004, 2014), Zhao et al. (2010) |
| Picoxystrobin* | III | 117428-22-5 | 367.10 | 3.81 | Fungicide | Methoxy-acrylates | Qo, Pm | Q-cycle | Esser et al. (2004, 2014), Zhao et al. (2010) |
| Pyraclostrobin* | III | 175013-18-0 | 387.10 | 3.99 | Fungicide | Methoxy-carbamates | Qo, Pm | Q-cycle | Esser et al. (2004, 2014), Zhao et al. (2010) |
| Trifloxystrobin | III | 141517-21-7 | 408.13 | 4.50 | Fungicide | Oximino-acetates | Qo, Pm | Q-cycle | Esser et al. (2004, 2014), Zhao et al. (2010) |
*Refers to the subset of panel compounds in this study. CI (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase), CII (succinate dehydrogenase), CIII (cytochrome bc1 complex). ClogP: lipophilicity as reported by Delp et al. (2019). Chemical group from FRAC Code List © 2019. Inhibitor: type A—quinone antagonist, type B—semiquinone antagonist, type C—quinol antagonist, Qo—outside quinol oxidation pocket, Qi inside quinone reduction pocket, Pf-Qo sub-type I, Pm-Qo sub-type II