Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the participants.
| no Ex + placebo | Ex + placebo | Ex + LCPUFA | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 28) | (n = 27) | (n = 21) | ||
| Age (year)a | 67.4 ± 1.0 | 67.8 ± 0.8 | 67.1 ± 1.1 | 0.895 |
| Sex (M/F)b | 10/18 | 9/18 | 10/11 | 0.633 |
| BMI (kg/m2)a | 22.4 ± 0.5 | 22.7 ± 0.6 | 22.7 ± 0.6 | 0.906 |
| Education (year)a | 13.3 ± 0.4 | 13.7 ± 0.4 | 13.2 ± 0.6 | 0.777 |
| MoCA-Ja | 22.2 ± 0.6 | 23.5 ± 0.5 | 23.5 ± 0.7 | 0.207 |
| WMS-R LM IIa | 13.1 ± 0.8 | 13.4 ± 1.1 | 13.4 ± 1.1 | 0.972 |
| LCPUFA in plasma PL | ||||
| ARA (%)a | 10.0 ± 0.3 | 9.5 ± 0.3 | 9.7 ± 0.4 | 0.488 |
| EPA (%)a | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 2.1 ± 0.3 | 0.938 |
| DHA (%)a | 7.6 ± 0.3 | 7.6 ± 0.3 | 7.1 ± 0.3 | 0.447 |
| SMI (kg/m2)a | 6.4 ± 0.2 | 6.2 ± 0.2 | 6.5 ± 0.2 | 0.701 |
| Physical activity (METs/day)a | 0.9 ± 0.0 | 0.9 ± 0.0 | 0.9 ± 0.0 | 0.800 |
| Step (/day)a | 6,716 ± 621 | 5,935 ± 419 | 7,807 ± 794 | 0.115 |
Mean ± SE. There was no significant difference among the groups in baseline data (aANOVA, bchi-square test). Ex, exercise; BMI, body mass index; MoCA-J, Montreal Cognitive Assessment Japanese version; WMS-R LM II, Wechsler memory scale-revised logical memory II; LCPUFA, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid; PL, phospholipids; ARA, arachidonic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; SMI, skeletal muscle mass index.