Function of ACOD1 in infection and immunity. a ACOD1-mediated itaconate production leads to NFE2L2 activation, SDH inhibition, isocitrate lyase inhibition, and prenylation induction. b ACOD1-mediated ROS production contributes to antigen processing, pathogen killing, and A20 modulation. c ACOD1 mediates the utilization of fatty acids in OXPHOS to produce mROS for bacterial killing