Fig. 7. Targeted editing of VvMLO3 improved the resistance of V. vinifera cv. Thompson Seedless to powdery mildew.

a Representative En. NAFU1-infected leaves of the MLO-edited lines in comparison with those of the WT control line at 15 dpi (bar = 5 cm). b Detection of cell death by trypan blue staining in leaves of VvMLO3-edited grapevine at 15 dpi (bars = 50 μm). Black arrows indicate leaf cell necrotic lesions, while red arrows denote clustered dead or dying mesophyll cells stained by trypan blue. c Quantification of the number of spores per mg of fresh leaf tissue in WT and VvMLO3-edited grapevines at 20 dpi. Each data point is the mean of three independent experiments (±standard deviation); asterisks indicate significant differences in comparison with the WT as determined by Student’s t test (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01).