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. 2020 Jul 31;10:12980. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-69547-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Sensitivity comparison between the presented sensor and traditional microwave resonator sensors. (a) Proposed sensor sensitivity test setup with a superficial material with the relative permittivity between 1 (bare resonator) and 10. (b) Traditional microwave resonator sensor with the same volume and permittivity. (c) and (d) The spectrum of both setups from sections (a) and (b) respectively as well as their resulted spectrums from MUT relative permittivity variations from εr = 1 to εr = 10. It could be seen that, frequency shift related to the proposed sensor is 700 MHz (c) in comparison with 200 MHz for the traditional sensor (d) under the same condition.