Table 1. Patient and Hospital Characteristics Stratified by Postoperative Neurocognitive Status.
| Characteristic | Patients, No (%) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No PND (n = 2 335 473) | PND (n = 44 974) | ||
| Patient level | |||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 75.26 (7.29) | 80.65 (8.18) | <.001 |
| Women | 1 310 213 (56.1) | 26 523 (59.0) | <.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| White | 2 101 502 (90.0) | 40 655 (90.4) | <.001 |
| Black | 119 988 (5.1) | 2485 (5.5) | |
| Asian | 26 922 (1.2) | 425 (0.9) | |
| North American Native | 11 400 (0.5) | 313 (0.7) | |
| Hispanic | 22 901 (1.0) | 508 (1.2) | |
| Other | 28 244 (1.2) | 414 (0.9) | |
| Unknown | 24 516 (1.1) | 174 (0.4) | |
| HCC score, mean (SD), community | 1.17 (0.97) | 1.69 (1.19) | <.001 |
| Neurocognitive inpatient diagnosis | 0 | 696 (1.5) | <.001 |
| Area deprivation index, mean (SD) | 44.31(24.80) | 46.60 (25.35) | <.001 |
| Bundle category | |||
| Orthopedics | 1 496 142 (64.1) | 27 640 (61.5) | <.001 |
| Cardiac | 650 458 (27.9) | 13 751 (30.6) | |
| General surgery | 188 873 (8.1) | 3583 (8.0) | |
| Admission year | |||
| 2013 | 583 884 (25.0) | 5956 (13.2) | <.001 |
| 2014 | 556 705 (23.9) | 6146 (13.7) | |
| 2015 | 569 975 (24.4) | 13 498 (30.0) | |
| 2016 | 624 909 (26.8) | 19 374 (43.1) | |
| Hospital level | |||
| Region | |||
| Midwest | 418 214 (17.9) | 8326 (18.5) | <.001 |
| Northeast | 581 055 (24.9) | 11 503 (25.6) | |
| South | 767 255 (32.9) | 14 854 (33.0) | |
| West | 558 535 (23.9) | 10 121 (22.5) | |
| United States territories | 10 414 (0.5) | 170 (0.4) | |
| Community type | |||
| Rural | 195 819 (8.4) | 4735 (10.5) | <.001 |
| Urban | 2 139 654 (91.6) | 40 239 (89.5) | |
| Academic medical center | 113 992 (4.9) | 2281 (5.1) | .06 |
| Bed size, mean (SD) | 421.35 (374.2) | 423.25 (367.1) | .29 |
| Ownership | |||
| Government | 205 149 (8.8) | 4344 (9.7) | <.001 |
| Private for profit | 365 260 (15.6) | 6941 (15.4) | |
| Private not for profit | 1 765 060 (75.6) | 33 689 (74.9) | |
Abbreviations: HCC, Hierarchical Condition Category; PND, postoperative neurocognitive disorder.