Table 1.

Sample characteristics (N=40).

Characteristic		Value
Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ) Scorea, mean (SD)		8.0 (0.79)
Mean diabetes self-efficacy score (DSES)b, mean (SD)		7.4 (1.6)
Recent HbA1cc, mean (SD)		8.2 (1.4)
Nosos risk scored, mean (SD)		2.4 (2.7)
Age (years), mean (SD)		65.9 (6.5)
Male, n (%)		32 (80)
Race/Ethnicity, n (%)
	White	33 (85)
	Black	5 (13)
	Latino, n (%)	2 (5)
Rural, n (%)		21 (53)
Health information, n (%)
	Has a mental health diagnosis	24 (60)
	Recent HbA1c in control (<8.0%)	22 (55)
Health literacye, n (%)
	Inadequate	2 (5)
	Marginal	4 (10)
	Adequate	34 (85)
Income ($US), n (%)
	<$25,000	9 (23)
	$25,000-$49,000	10 (25)
	$50,000-$149,000	15 (38)
	>$150,000	3 (8)
	Income not reported	3 (8)

^aDiabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ): a global measure of diabetes self-management comprised of 16 items to assess activities related to glycemic control in patients with diabetes. Scaled scores range from 0-10 and higher values indicate more effective self-management [19].

^bDiabetes Self-efficacy Scale (DSES): measures how confident patients are in their ability to do certain activities related to managing their diabetes. Scores range from 1-10 and higher values indicate higher self-efficacy [20].

^cHbA_1c: glycated hemoglobin.

^dNosos risk score: VA’s modified version of Medicare’s Hierarchical Condition Category. A measure of expected health care costs based on demographic, pharmacy, psychiatric and health care utilization data; mean for a population equals 1.0 and scores >1.0 indicate the patient is expected to have health care costs that much higher than the average VA patient [21].

^eHealth literacy: determined by the patient’s response to the question, “How often do you have someone help you read hospital materials? [22]” Health literacy was considered inadequate when patients responded “Often” or “Always”; “Sometimes” was considered marginal health literacy; “Never” was considered adequate health literacy.