Table 2.
General characteristics of all female participants by diabetic complications
| Characteristic | Diabetic complications | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CVD− | CVD+ | P | DKD− | DKD+ | P | DR− | DR+ | P | |
| N | 1536 | 952 | – | 1453 | 422 | – | 1431 | 279 | – |
| Age, year | 65.15 ± 8.6 | 69.69 ± 7.79 | < 0.001 | 66.71 ± 8.16 | 68.85 ± 8.97 | < 0.001 | 66.72 ± 8.28 | 66.51 ± 7.69 | 0.693 |
| Duration of diabetes, year | 7 (3, 14) | 10 (5, 18) | < 0.001 | 8 (3, 15) | 10 (5, 18) | < 0.001 | 8 (3, 15) | 10 (4.75, 19) | < 0.001 |
| Current smoking, % | 2.6 | 2.2 | 0.687 | 2.6 | 1.9 | 0.477 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 0.999 |
| Beyond high school education, % | 49.3 | 38.4 | < 0.001 | 45.8 | 38.0 | 0.005 | 45.6 | 45.3 | 0.948 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.72 ± 3.85 | 25.27 ± 3.77 | < 0.001 | 24.59 ± 3.71 | 26.16 ± 4 | < 0.001 | 24.79 ± 3.82 | 25.45 ± 3.89 | 0.009 |
| WC, cm | 87.81 ± 9.97 | 89.68 ± 9.67 | < 0.001 | 87.6 ± 9.64 | 92.27 ± 10.6 | < 0.001 | 88.12 ± 9.98 | 89.62 ± 10.14 | 0.023 |
| NC, cm | 35.9 ± 2.94 | 36.35 ± 3.09 | < 0.001 | 35.9 ± 2.97 | 36.87 ± 2.9 | < 0.001 | 35.93 ± 2.94 | 36.41 ± 3.12 | 0.014 |
| HC, cm | 97.55 ± 8.85 | 98.51 ± 7.96 | 0.006 | 97.51 ± 8.18 | 99.92 ± 10.1 | < 0.001 | 97.66 ± 8.83 | 98.66 ± 8.37 | 0.071 |
| WHR | 0.9 ± 0.07 | 0.91 ± 0.07 | 0.001 | 0.9 ± 0.07 | 0.93 ± 0.08 | < 0.001 | 0.9 ± 0.07 | 0.91 ± 0.07 | 0.249 |
| LAP | 47.5 (30.0, 73.0) | 51.7 (31.7, 77.9) | 0.004 | 44.3 (28.4, 66.1) | 60.1 (38.5, 95.3) | < 0.001 | 48.8 (30.7, 75.4) | 48.1 (30.7, 74.1) | 0.853 |
| VAI | 2.53 (1.64, 3.92) | 2.64 (1.76, 4.04) | 0.011 | 2.40 (1.58, 3.61) | 3.01 (1.94, 4.79) | < 0.001 | 2.60 (1.69, 4.04) | 2.36 (1.60, 3.67) | 0.053 |
| CVAI | 122.58 ± 34.66 | 135.87 ± 31.67 | < 0.001 | 123.45 ± 33.45 | 143.5 ± 33.87 | < 0.001 | 126.43 ± 34.09 | 129.66 ± 34.48 | 0.149 |
| FPG, mmol/L | 7.67 ± 2.46 | 7.78 ± 2.62 | 0.297 | 7.54 ± 2.3 | 8.53 ± 3.12 | < 0.001 | 7.65 ± 2.36 | 8.22 ± 2.93 | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c, % | 7.37 ± 1.39 | 7.45 ± 1.3 | 0.121 | 7.3 ± 1.28 | 7.84 ± 1.57 | < 0.001 | 7.31 ± 1.25 | 7.68 ± 1.56 | < 0.001 |
| TC, mmol/L | 5.5 ± 1.16 | 5.13 ± 1.26 | < 0.001 | 5.34 ± 1.18 | 5.44 ± 1.31 | 0.141 | 5.37 ± 1.21 | 5.49 ± 1.23 | 0.122 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.62 (1.14, 2.23) | 1.62 (1.20, 2.29) | 0.203 | 1.52 (1.10, 2.12) | 1.85 (1.26, 2.52) | < 0.001 | 1.63 (1.18, 2.31) | 1.49 (1.13, 2.17) | 0.084 |
| HDL, mmol/L | 1.31 ± 0.3 | 1.26 ± 0.29 | < 0.001 | 1.32 ± 0.31 | 1.24 ± 0.28 | < 0.001 | 3.29 ± 0.86 | 3.39 ± 0.9 | 0.078 |
| LDL, mmol/L | 3.39 ± 0.83 | 3.12 ± 0.91 | < 0.001 | 3.27 ± 0.86 | 3.33 ± 0.92 | 0.286 | 1.29 ± 0.31 | 1.31 ± 0.29 | 0.382 |
| CCA plaque, % | 40.6 | 52.0 | < 0.001 | 42.0 | 52.2 | < 0.001 | 42.3 | 48.2 | 0.074 |
| Ln ACR, mg/g | 2.8 ± 1.12 | 2.94 ± 1.26 | 0.005 | 2.27 ± 0.64 | 4.47 ± 1.04 | < 0.001 | 2.76 ± 1.14 | 3.04 ± 1.24 | < 0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 95.87 ± 15.19 | 88.13 ± 17.66 | < 0.001 | 94.15 ± 14.54 | 89.47 ± 20.51 | < 0.001 | 92.87 ± 16.33 | 94.23 ± 16.1 | 0.200 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 144.73 ± 19.71 | 147.46 ± 20.19 | 0.001 | 143.34 ± 18.84 | 155.09 ± 20.86 | < 0.001 | 144.98 ± 19.82 | 149.05 ± 19.97 | 0.002 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 78.35 ± 10.1 | 76.61 ± 10.68 | < 0.001 | 76.76 ± 10.13 | 79.58 ± 11 | < 0.001 | 77.35 ± 10.43 | 77.5 ± 9.27 | 0.819 |
The data are summarized as the mean ± SD or median (interquartile range) for continuous variables or as a numerical proportion for categorical variables
CVD cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, DKD diabetic kidney disease, DR diabetic retinopathy, BMI body mass index, FPG fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, TG triglycerides, TC total cholesterol, CCA common carotid artery, Ln ACR log-transformed albumin to creatinine ratio, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, NC neck circumference, HC hip circumference, WC waist circumference, VAI visceral adiposity index, LAP lipid accumulation product, CVAI Chinese visceral adiposity index, WHR waist-to-hip ratio