Table 1.
The effective doses for the experiment on anti-OA activities of the herbal compounds
| No. | Herbal compounds | In vivo | in Vitro |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside | 10–50 mg/kg (rat) [60] | 10–400 μg/ml (chondrocyte) [60] |
| 2 | Acetylshikonin | 5 mg/kg (rat) [86] | 3 μM (chondrocyte) [86] |
| 3 | Anemonin | 2 mg/kg (mouse) [49] | 10 μM (chondrocyte) [49] |
| 10 μM (cartilage explant) [49] | |||
| 4 | Arasaponin R1 | 125 mg/l (chondrocyte) [41] | |
| 5 | Artesunate | 25–300 mg/kg (rat) [57, 100] | |
| 6 | Astragaloside IV | 25–500 mmol/l (chondrocyte) [52, 81, 90] | |
| 50 µg/ml (chondrocyte) [73] | |||
| 7 | Berberine | 10–50 mg/kg (rat) [17] | 20–100 μM (OA synovial fibroblasts) [17] |
| 10––200 μM/50 μl (rat) [67, 68] | 25–100 μM (chondrocyte) [67–69] | ||
| 7–28 μg/kg (rat) [69] | 25–100 μM (cartilage explant) [68] | ||
| 8 | Butein | 20 mg/kg (mouse) [46] | 10–50 μM (chondrocyte) [46] |
| 9 | Celastrol | 1 mg/kg (rat) [84] | 0.1–1 μM (chondrocyte) [54] |
| 10 | Cinnamophilin | 5–30 μM (SW1353 cell) [30] | |
| 11 | Compound K | 0.01–10 μM (MC3T3-E1 cell) [37] | |
| 12 | Coptisine | 2.5-10 μg/ml (chondrocyte) [44] | |
| 13 | Crocin | 5–100 μM/0.3 ml (rabbit) [43] | 50–100 μM (chondrocyte) [43] |
| 30 mg/kg (rat) [110] | |||
| 14 | Cryptotanshinone | 10 mg/kg (mouse) [29] | 5–20 μM (chondrocyte) [29] |
| 15 | Curcumin | 50 μM (mouse) [15] | 10 μM (THP-1 cell) [15] |
| 50–100 mg/kg (mouse) [27, 65, 66] | 50–100 μM (chondrocyte) [27, 28] | ||
| 200 mg/kg (rat) [96] | 40 μM (synoviocyte) [97] | ||
| 16 | Emodin | 5–25 μM/50 µl (rat) [39] | 5–30 µg/ml (chondrocyte) [38, 39] |
| 17 | Ferulic acid | 40 μM (chondrocyte) [55] | |
| 18 | Gastrodin | 100 μg/kg (rat) [51] | 10–50 μM (chondrocyte) [51] |
| 19 | Geniposide | 40 mg/kg (rabbit) [31] | 80 μg/ml (chondrocyte) [31] |
| 20 | Genistein | 0.3–0.5 mg/kg (rabbit) [58] | |
| 21 | Ginsenoside Rb1 | 80 μM/0.3 ml (rat) [76] | 20–80 μM (SW1353 cell) [76] |
| 300 μM/200 μl (rat) [87] | |||
| 22 | Ginsenoside Rg5 | 10–15 mg/kg (rat) [74] | |
| 23 | Halofuginone | 0.2–2.5 mg/kg (mouse) [20, 82, 91] | |
| 24 | Harpagoside | 300 μg/ml (chondrocyte) [32] | |
| 25 | Honokiol | 2.5–10 μM (chondrocyte) [50] | |
| 26 | Icariin | 10–40 ng/ml (rat) [9] | 20 μM (SW1353 cell) [16, 79] |
| 20 μM (rat) [16] | 12.5 mg/l (chondrocyte) [41] | ||
| 1–6 g/kg (rabbit) [40] | 12 μg/ml (SW1353 cell) [92] | ||
| 10–25 mg/kg (mouse) [78, 108] | 0.5–1 μM (OA fibroblast-like synoviocyte) [95] | ||
| 27 | Isofraxidin | 20 mg/kg (mouse) [34] | 1–50 μM (chondrocyte) [33, 34] |
| 28 | Kaempferol | 25–100 µM (chondrocyte) [47] | |
| 29 | Licochalcone A | 5–20 µM (chondrocyte) [36] | |
| 30 | Magnoflorine | 50 ng/2 μl (pig) [23] | 25 μg/ml (MC3T3-E1 cell) [23] |
| 31 | Naringin | 100 mg/kg (mouse) [42] | 5 µM (chondrocyte) [42] |
| 5–10 mg/kg (rat) [106] | |||
| 32 | Paeonol | 20 mg/kg (rat) [56] | 50 µM (chondrocyte) [56] |
| 0.2–0.8 mg/kg (rabbit) [71] | |||
| 33 | Piperine | 10–100 μg/ml (chondrocyte) [45] | |
| 34 | Psoralen | 1 mg/kg (rat) [22] | 10 µM (chondrocyte) [22] |
| 10 µM (synoviocyte) [22] | |||
| 10−6 mol/l (chondrocyte) [75] | |||
| 35 | Puerarin | 25–50 mg/kg (mouse) [53] | 50 nM (chondrocyte) [53] |
| 30–200 mg/kg (rat) [83, 88] | |||
| 36 | Quercetin | 50–100 mg/kg (rat) [21, 84] | 25 μM (chondrocyte) [21] |
| 25 mg/kg (rabbit) [98] | |||
| 37 | Resveratrol | 45 mg/kg (mouse) [12, 25] | 50 μM (SW1353 cell) [12] |
| 10–50 μM/kg (rabbit) [14, 61] | 10–100 μM (chondrocyte) [24, 26, 62] | ||
| 30–120 mg/kg (rabbit) [64, 109] | 1–5 μM (peripheral blood mononuclear cell) [63] | ||
| 10–100 μg/8 μl (mouse) [77] | |||
| 38 | Shikonin | 10 mg/kg (rat) [35] | 50 μM (chondrocyte) [86] |
| 39 | Sinomenine | 2 mg/kg (rabbit) [99] | 10–250 μM (chondrocyte) [72] |
| 5 mg/0.2 ml (rabbit) [102] | 10–250 μM (cartilage explant) [72] | ||
| 0.25 mM (mesenchymal stem cell) [93] | |||
| 40 | Tectorigenin | 0.75–1.5 μg/kg (rat) [48] | 50–100 μM (chondrocyte) [48] |
| 41 | Tetramethylpyrazine | 30–100 mg/kg (rat) [19, 89] | 0.5–200 μM (chondrocyte) [13, 70] |
| 2.1 mg/0.1 ml (rat) [80] | 50–200 μM (cartilage explant) [70] | ||
| 42 | Theaflavin-3,3′-digallate | 25–75 μg/ml (chondrocyte) [59] | |
| 43 | Triptolide | 0.35 μg (mouse) [107] | 20 ng/ml (THP-1 cell) [107] |