Cisplatin predominantly targets interstitial cells in kidney organoids. A–D: immunohistochemistry staining for colocalization of DNA damage marker γH2AX with MAF BZIP transcription factor B (MAFB)+ podocytes, Lotus tetragonolobus lectin (LTL)+ proximal tubules, E-cadherin (CDH1)+ distal tubules, and MEIS1/2/3+ interstitial cells in control (Cntr) and 50 µM cisplatin-treated organoids. E: ratio of γH2AX+ cells per marker. Inset shows the total numbers of double-positive cells counted. F: quantitative PCR showing expression of cisplatin transporters in day 8 (d8), day 14 (d14), and day 19 (d19) kidney organoids and fetal and adult human kidneys. OCT2, organic cation transporter 2; CTR1 and CTR2, copper transporter 1 and 2, respectively; MATE1 and MATE2K, multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins 1 and 2, respectively; ATP7B, ATPase copper transporting-β; HPRT, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase 1. ***P ≤ 0.001; ****P ≤ 0.0001. Scale bars = 100 μm.