Fig. 4.
Invasion of the long-lived mutant in uniformly mixed populations. (A) To account for disease-associated fitness cost we introduced a pathogen penalty P = 0.9 into model I (Fig. 1A). Thus, reproduction in infected animals is reduced 10-fold. (B–E) In uniformly mixed populations of short-lived individuals (ASL = 90), long-lived mutants (ALL = 180) were winning in competitions if pathogens were absent (C) or have had low (β = 0.005; D) or high transmission rates (β = 0.01; E). See Methods and Movie S4 for sample simulations.