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. 2020 Aug 1;17(1):144–152. doi: 10.1007/s12015-020-10017-6

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This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

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Fig. 1 — MSCs, in general, accelerate healing processes by acting at the level of immunomodulation, antiapoptosis, angiogenesis, supporting the growth and differentiation of local stem and progenitor cells, antiscarring, and chemoattraction. BFGF - basic fibroblast growth factor; CCL - CC chemokine ligand; CXCL - chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand; ECM - extracellular matrix; GM-CSF - granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; HGF - hepatocyte growth factor; iDC - invasive ductal carcinoma; IGF-1 - insulin growth factor-1; LIF - leukaemia-inhibitory factor; M-CSF - macrophage colony-stimulating factor; mDC - macrophage-derived chemokine; NK - natural killer cells; PGE2 - prostaglandin E2; SCF - stem cell factor; SDF-1 - stromal cell-derived factor 1; TGF-β - transforming growth factor-β; VEGF - vascular endothelial growth factor [42]