Skip to main content
. 2020 Aug 1;277:5–13. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.126

Table 4.

Multivariate models of COVID-19 specific factors predicting elevated anxiety and depression symptoms.

B SE Wald df p Odds Ratio 95% CI for Odds Ratio
Lower Upper
Depression Symptoms
Constant −4.42 0.36 152.52 1 <0.001 .012
Threat to life 0.011 0.003 9.93 1 0.002 1.01 1.01 1.02
Harm to baby 0.010 0.003 9.95 1 0.002 1.01 1.01 1.02
Not getting needed care 0.013 0.003 26.26 1 <0.001 1.01 1.01 1.02
Relationship strain −0.016 0.003 25.13 1 <0.001 0.98 0.98 0.99
Social isolation 0.045 0.004 163.92 1 <0.001 1.05 1.04 1.05
Loss of employment 0.21 0.18 1.42 1 0.23 1.24 0.87 1.76
General Anxiety Symptoms
Constant −3.38 0.32 114.62 1 <0.001 0.03
Threat to life 0.021 0.003 39.09 1 <0.001 1.02 1.01 1.03
Harm to baby 0.011 0.003 12.87 1 0.001 1.01 1.01 1.02
Not getting needed care 0.012 0.003 19.83 1 <0.001 1.01 1.01 1.02
Relationship strain −0.006 0.003 3.47 1 0.063 0.99 0.99 1.00
Social isolation 0.032 0.003 119.46 1 <0.001 1.03 1.03 1.04
Loss of employment 0.180 0.18 1.02 1 0.31 1.20 0.85 1.70
Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Symptoms#
Constant −0.0.991 0.31 10.22 1 <0.001 0.37
Threat to life 0.014 0.003 18.05 1 <0.001 1.01 1.01 1.02
Harm to baby 0.014 0.003 20.22 1 <0.001 1.01 1.01 1.02
Not getting needed care 0.020 0.003 50.18 1 <0.001 1.02 1.02 1.03
Relationship strain −0.007 0.003 4.16 1 0.04 0.99 0.99 1.00
Social isolation 0.007 0.003 6.68 1 0.01 1.01 1.00 1.01
Loss of employment −0.12 0.18 0.46 1 0.50 0.89 0.63 1.26

Loss of employment was binary (yes/no); all other variables are 0–100 scale. Significant results (p<0.0028) are shown in bold. #Model includes parity as a covariate.