Table 2.
Clinical predictors of severe COVID-19 among patients admitted into the hospital (n = 96).
| Variables | Univariate analysis |
Multivariate analysis (initial model) |
Multivariate analysis (final model) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RR (95% CI) | p | RR (95% CI) | p | RR (95% CI) | p | |
| Age | 1.05 (1.01–1.10) | 0.017 | 1.05 (0.98–1.13) | 0.166 | 1.03 (0.98–1.09) | 0.182 |
| Gender (male) | 1.56 (0.77–3.17) | 0.212 | 7.66 (2.20–26.69) | 0.001 | 2.49 (1.14–5.41) | 0.021 |
| Diabetes | 1.59 (0.80–3.17) | 0.181 | 0.26 (0.10–0.68) | 0.006 | ||
| Hypertension | 0.93 (0.47–1.84) | 0.838 | ||||
| ACE inhibitors | 0.23 (0.34–1.56) | 0.414 | ||||
| Charlson comorbidity index | 1.25 (1.11–1.40) | <0.001 | 1.34 (1.02–1.76) | 0.031 | 1.28 (1.05–1.56) | 0.015 |
| Interval since liver transplantation (>12 mo) | 1 (0.99–1) | 0.466 | ||||
| Dyspnoea | 4.19 (1.89–9.30) | <0.001 | 15.91 (4.17–60.73) | <0.001 | 7.25 (2.95–17.82) | <0.001 |
| Cough | 0.96 (0.43–2.15) | 0.934 | ||||
| Fever | 0.73 (0.34–1.58) | 0.429 | ||||
| Gastrointestinal symptoms | 0.72 (0.34–1.52) | 0.392 | ||||
| PaFiO2 | 0.99 (0.99–0.99) | 0.038 | 0.99 (0.99–0.99) | 0.012 | ||
| Lymphocyte count | 1 (0.99–1) | 0.418 | ||||
| D Dimer | 1 (1–1) | 0.409 | ||||
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.249 | 1.01 (0.99–1.04) | 0.171 | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | 0.077 |
| Tacrolimus∗ | 0.54 (0.29–1.07) | 0.079 | 0.19 (0.05–0.68) | 0.011 | ||
| Cyclosporine∗ | 0.76 (0.18–3.22) | 0.708 | ||||
| Trough concentrations (tacrolimus)∗ | 1.01 (0.93–1.10) | 0.762 | ||||
| Trough concentrations (cyclosporine)∗ | 1.04 (0.92–1.19) | 0.485 | ||||
| Mycophenolate∗ | 2.62 (1.25–5.49) | 0.011 | 5.32 (1.60–17.69) | 0.006 | 3.94 (1.59–9.74) | 0.003 |
| Everolimus∗ | 0.77 (0.32–1.88) | 0.575 | ||||
| Trough concentrations (everolimus)∗ | 0.86 (0.59–1.32) | 0.490 | ||||
| Corticosteroids∗ | 1.53 (0.72–3.22) | 0.262 | 1.77 (0.59–5.27) | 0.303 | ||
| Withdrawal of immunosuppression† | 2.03 (0.91–4.51) | 0.083 | 0.34 (0.08–1.51) | 0.155 | 0.58 (0.24–1.40) | 0.229 |
| Hydroxychloroquine† | 0.64 (0.33–5.88) | 0.640 | ||||
| Azithromycin† | 0.77 (0.38–1.53) | 0.454 | ||||
Severe COVID-19 was defined as requirement of respiratory support, admission in intensive care unit and/or death. Univariate and multivariate Cox's regression analyses were used. RR, relative risk.
∗
These variables pertain to active immunosuppression therapy at COVID-19 diagnosis.
†
These therapies were started at COVID-19 diagnosis. Other therapies against COVID-19 were not included as they were initiated selectively in unresponsive cases and would confound the analysis.