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. 2020 Jul 31;10:12991. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-69822-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Accumulation of somatic base pair substitutions in haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and intestinal stem cells (ISCs) during human fetal development and after birth. (a) Comparison of the number of autosomal somatic base substitutions per genome per year between D21 HSPCs (D21 fetal: 17 clones; 3 donors, Cord blood: 4 clones; 2 donors, Post-infant: 18 clones; 6 donors) and D21 ISCs (D21 fetal: 11 clones; 4 donors, Post-infant: 14 clones; 9 donors) of fetuses, cord blood and post infant (linear mixed-effects model). Points with the same color indicate single cells from the same subject. (b) Pie charts showing the number of somatic mutations for different types of exonic mutations in D21 and T21 fetal stem and progenitor cells (D21 fetal: 28 clones; 5 donors, T21 fetal: 23 clones; 4 donors). c The number of somatic base substitutions per genome plotted against the donor age (D21 fetal: 28 clones; 5 donors, T21 fetal: 23 clones; 4 donors). Dashed line: ISC, full line: HSPC. P-value shows the difference between T21 and D21 fetal stem and progenitor cells. (linear mixed-effects model, two-tailed t-test). d Extra somatic base substitutions per genome in T21 fetal stem and progenitor cells. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.