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. 2020 Jul 31;10:12991. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-69822-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Phylogenetic lineage trees of disomy 21 (D21) and trisomy 21 (T21) fetuses. (a) Lineage trees of a gestational age (GA) week 14 D21 fetus, b gestational age week 14,5 T21 fetus, c gestational age week 16 D21 fetus and d gestational age week 12 T21 fetus. Each tip represents a single clonally expanded cell. The length of the branches indicates the number of somatic mutations in that branch of the tree. The number of somatic mutations in each branch are shown in grey boxes. e Comparison of the number of somatic base substitutions per genome between D21 and T21 fetal stem and progenitor cells, that occurred early in the development of the fetus (D21 fetal: 28 clones; 5 donors, T21 fetal: 23 clones; 4 donors). Circle: Haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, Triangle: intestinal stem cells. Points with the same color indicate single cells from the same subject. (linear mixed-effects model, two-tailed t-test).