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. 2020 Jul 31;11:3861. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17668-6

Fig. 1. Type I error control for different methods on causal effect testing.

Fig. 1

Quantile–quantile plot of −log10 p-values from different methods for testing the causal effect either in the absence or in the presence of horizontal pleiotropic effect under null simulations. Compared methods include CoMM (turquoise), PMR-Egger (magenta), TWAS (blue), LDA MR-Egger (black), SMR (orange), and PrediXcan (purple). Null simulations are performed under different horizontal pleiotropic effect sizes: a γ = 0; b γ = 0.0001; c γ = 0.0005; d γ = 0.001. Only p-values from PMR-Egger adhere to the expected diagonal line across a range of horizontal pleiotropic effect sizes.