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. 2020 Jul 31;10:12973. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-69824-z

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Top view of Rayleigh scattering experimental setup. Linear polarized laser beam is loosely focused on a gas target. The scattered light is recorded via an optical fiber (Φ = 600 µm) located close to the target (2 cm), which is connected to a photomultiplier tube to increase its signal gain. (b) An extension is mounted on top of the gas valve to avoid the tightly focused beam to be partially blocked by a massive valve body close to gas outlet. (c) A conical throat at the extension tip shapes the gas jet profile of preferred geometry. (d) and (e) show the angular distribution of the scattered light signal along the scattered angle θ collected with an optical fiber. d) In case of the incident beam polarized 45 degree (along $\hat{y} + \hat{z}$ ), a cosine square relation is observed (red-measurement, blue-calculation). (f) The angular distribution for $\hat{z}$ -polarized laser beam is uniform in space as the measurement also shows. The decreasing intensity for increasing height from nozzle (from 2 to 3 mm) indicates that the number of scattering particles falls with height.